In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that i

Question

In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + P_i to ATP? Energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system Energy released from substrate H level phosphorylation Energy released from ATP synthase pumping hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient Energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase No external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic How many protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix for every NADH molecule? 2 4 6 10

Explanation / Answer

1.c) energy released from ATP synthase pumping hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient.

2. d) 10 protons.

Complex I:

matrix: 2H+ reduced (from NADH + H+) + 2H+ pumped out

IMS: 4H+ pumped in

Complex II:

matrix: 2H+ reduced (from succinate)

IMS: 0H+ pumped in

Complex III:

matrix: 2H+ pumped out (when not considering complex II, you'd count 4H+ here)

IMS: 4H+ pumped in (2 from complex II)

Complex IV:

matrix: 2H+ reduced (to H2O, we won't consider it as you said) + 2H+ pumped out

IMS: 2H+ pumped in

TOTAL:

matrix: 10H+ subtracted/pumped out (with 2H+ to water, total 12H+)

IMS: 10H+ pumped in

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