Compare and contrast the energy cost of synthesizing the fatty acid 14.0 (starti

Question

Compare and contrast the energy cost of synthesizing the fatty acid 14.0 (starting with acetyl CoA) and compare to the energy yield from oxidizing this fatty acid to acetyl CoA molecules. What is the purpose of the Cori cycle? Last semester the big sugar producers took on the corn refiners, which make high fructose syrup before a jury in a billion dollar lawsuit. The sugar producers are claiming that the corn refiners falsely described high fructose corn syrup as a natural product that is nutritionally identical to sucrose. Sucrose is disaccharide composed of and whereas fructose is a monosaccharide. Is fructose oxidized by the same pathway as glucose in the liver? If the answer is no, explain briefly the difference that may rise to concerns about the widespread use of high fructose syrup in many food products. Statin drugs inhibit HMG-CoA reductase. These drugs are prescribed to people with hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol). hypertriglyceridemia (high triacytglycerol). hypocholesterolemia (low cholesterol). visceral adiposity (obesity). ketosis (high ketone levels) Explain. Why are ketone bodies made? Can acetyl CoA be used to synthesis glucose? Provide support for your answer.

Explanation / Answer

8Q What is Cori cycle ?

During vigorous exercise, pyruvate produced by glycolysis in muscle is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase. The lactate diffuses into the bloodstream and is carried to the liver. Here it is converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis. The glucose is released into the bloodstream and becomes available for uptake by muscle (as well as other tissues, including the brain). This cycle of reactions is called the Cori cycle.

9Q

Sucrose is a disaccharide, is made up of two monosaccharide sugar units i.e. glucose and fructose.

Fructose is also oxidized by the same pathway as glucose

10Q

Cholesterol can either be obtained in the diet or synthesized in the liver. High levels of cholesterol and its metabolites decrease the amount and inhibit the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis. This enzyme can also be inhibited therapeutically by the compound lovastatin.

11Q Why are ketone bodies are made ?

When in excess, acetyl-CoA produced from the -oxidation of fatty acids is converted into acetoacetate and D-3-hydroxybutyrate. Together with acetone, these compounds are collectively termed ketone bodies. Acetoacetate and D-3-hydroxybutyrate are produced in the liver and provide an alternative supply of fuel for the brain under starvation conditions or in diabetes.

12Q

Acetyl-CoA can convert to glucose indirectly by the citric acid cycle

Acetyl-CoA to Glucose-6-phosphate and finally Glucose

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