The mature phagolysosome is considered a microbicidal organelle based on the fol

Question

The mature phagolysosome is considered a microbicidal organelle based on the following features:

Select one:

a. It contains hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes.

b. All of the choices.

c. A neutral pH is essential for bacterial killing actitivity.

d. It allows recycling with endocytic vesicles.

e. It accumulates antibiotics.

During the late stage of phagolysosome maturation, the vesicle has the following surface markers:

Select one:

a. None of the choices.

b. Rab7

c. V-ATPase

d. LAMP1

e. All of the choices.

Which factors might contribute to newly emerging zoonoses?

Select one:

a. Mutations within a pathogen population.

b. All of the choices.

c. Wildlife displacement.

d. Global travel.

e. Environmental conditions.

The following strategy could be useful for predicting emergence of a new infectious agent into the human population:

Select one:

a. None of the choices.

b. Predictive math modeling to identify global regions for newly emerging organisms

c. Surveillance of animal populations using metagenomics

d. Estimating the mutation rate of a virus

e. All of the choices

Explanation / Answer

Answer:

1). a. It contains hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes.

Explanation:

Mature phagolysosome - the ultimate microbicidal organelle: it consists of…..

Highly acidic environment

Dramatic increase in V-ATPase

Lysosomal markers LAMP1 & LAMP2

Increase in Cathepsins and Hydrolases

2). e. All of the choices.

Explanation:

Late events - preparation for lysosomal fusion consists of much more acidic environment, increase of V-ATPase, enriched in LAMP1 - lysosomal - associated membrane protein and Rab7 is a characteristic marker.

3). b. All of the choices.

Explanation:

Emergence of new zoonotic pathogens seems to be accelerating for several reasons: global human and livestock animal populations have continued to grow, bringing increasingly larger numbers of people and animals into close contact; transportation has advanced, making it possible to circumnavigate the globe in less than the incubation period of most infectious agents; ecologic and environmental changes brought about by human activity are massive; and bioterroristic activities, supported by rogue governments as well as organized amateurs, are increasing, and in most instances the infectious agents of choice seem to be zoonotic.

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