Time Remaining: 1. Healthcare provider reporting of influenza activity is mandat

Question

Time Remaining:
1. Healthcare provider reporting of influenza activity is mandatory in the United States. (Points: 1)
True
False


2. Viral testing evidence indicates that an adult infected with seasonal influenza will shed the virus for approximately one week after the onset of illness, after which time they will no longer test positive. (Points: 1)
True
False


3. Antigenic shift occurs frequently, compared to antigenic drift. (Points: 1)
True
False


4. For avian influenza to become a pandemic, it will require sustained human to human transmission. (Points: 1)
True
False


5. Two classes of antivirals which are available for influenza are adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors. Currently, resistance appears to be an increasing problem for the adamantanes, but not the neuraminidase inhibitors. (Points: 1)
True
False


6. Which of the following statements is not true of seasonal influenza surveillance? (Points: 1)
The World Health Organization coordinates the submission of viruses from the U.S., the UK, Australia, and Asia for testing. Results are used in formulating annual influenza vaccines.
State-specific estimates of the number of deaths from influenza are a routine component of the CDC's influenza surveillance activity.
In the United States, the CDC compiles, analyzes, and makes a weekly report on data collected from laboratory reports, sentinel healthcare providers, vital statistics, public health researchers, and state health departments.
Influenza-like illnesses are included in seasonal influenza surveillance.


7. Which of the following is not true of avian influenza? (Points: 1)
The transmission route of avian influenza is thought to be primarily respiratory, both in bird-bird transmission and bird-human transmission.
Both avian influenza and seasonal influenza are caused by type A orthomyxoviruses.
The mechanism for how influenza viruses adapt relates to changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigenic sites.
The first known reported cases of avian influenza in humans occurred in Hong Kong in the late 1990s.


8. Live attenuated influenza vaccine has not been proven to be particularly effective in children. (Points: 1)
True
False


9. Antigenic shift is generally required for an influenza strain to cause a pandemic. (Points: 1)
True
False


10. Which of the following is not true of influenza vaccines? (Points: 1)
Live attenuated influenza vaccine contains a weakened virus.
Vaccination of healthcare workers has been shown to be highly effective in protecting high-risk patients.
There is some evidence that inactivated vaccine appears to be more effective than live attenuated vaccine in children.
Vaccination has been shown to be beneficial for people below 65 years of age with high-risk medical conditions.


11. The following is an example of host-bacteria-virus cross talk. An imbalance of normal microbial microflora leads to overgrowth of pathogens that produce enzymes which cleave protein. These proteases affect the ability of the influenza virus to enter the host cell and/or alter immune factors. (Points: 1)
True
False


12. Which of the following is not true of influenza viruses? (Points: 1)
All strains of influenza virus are highly pathogenic.
The influenza virus genome contains RNA rather than DNA.
Nutritional factors affect the ability of the influenza virus to cause infection.
The relationship between virus and host depends partially on haemaglutinin present on the viral surface.


13. All influenza A pandemics since the 1918 Spanish flu have been caused by descendants of the H1N1 Spanish flu virus. (Points: 1)
True
False


14. The mortality curve for the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic was U shaped, indicating the bulk of deaths were among the very young and the very old. (Points: 1)
True
False


15. Unique features of the H1N1 Spanish flu virus of 1918 include all but which of the following? (Points: 1)
The disease was exceptionally severe, with deaths estimated to be in the 50 million to 100 million range.
Both humans and swine were infected with the same H1N1 virus during the Spanish flu pandemic.
The 1918 pandemic consisted of three distinct waves in one year's time, with differing mortality rates.
There is strong evidence that the H1N1 virus of 1918 emerged directly from a known avian (bird) virus to become a virus which infected humans.

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