Chapter 17 Study Questions 1. Describe the stages of embryogenesis and the estab

Question

Chapter 17 Study Questions 1. Describe the stages of embryogenesis and the establishment of embryonic polarity Textbook Reference: Embryogenesis: The Origins of Polarity, pp. 480-481 2. Discuss the relative contributions of cell lineage and cell to cell communication in regulating embryonic development. Textbook Reference: Embryogenesis: The Origins of Polarity, pp. 483-484 3. Discuss the transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms that affect polar auxin transport. Textbook Reference: Embryogenesis: The Origins of Polarity, pp. 487-491 4. Discuss the role of auxin and polar auxin transport in embryo development. Textbook Reference: Embryogenesis: The Origins of Polarity, pp. 487-492 5. Discuss the concept of radial patterning and its application to epidermal and vascular development. Textbook Reference: Embryogenesis: The Origins of Polarity, p. 492

Explanation / Answer

Ans 1)

Stages of Embryogenesis – It is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation which takes place during embryo development. The stages of embryogenesis are:-

a)Fertilisation and cleavage– It involves the process of fertilisation where the male and female gamete fuse and forms the zygote. This is followed by the beginning of the cleavage phase where the zygote divides into two cells through the process of mitosis. It continues and two cells forms four cells. Gradually the overall size increase and it forms a 16 cell stage called as morula.

b) Blastulation – The cell cleavage is the first stage of blastulation which is process of forming the blastocyst. In this phase the cell differentiate into outer cell layers and the inner cell mass. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryo which includes the amnion, yolk sac and allantois. It leads to disappearance of the zona pellucida and will lead to formation of the hypoblasyt and epiblast.

C) Gastrulation - The gastrulation is the process of organising the two layers of the embryo into three layers which are endoderm ,mesoderm and ectoderm. The endoderm is formed by invagination of epiblastic cells that migrate to the hypoblast and the mesoderm is the middle layer. The upper layer is the ectoderm which is the outermost layer. All of the organs are developed by either of the layers.

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