Electric fields have various applications intissue engineering. Electronotation,

Question

Electric fields have various applications intissue engineering. Electronotation, the rotation of particles in electric fields, is more reproducible if a cel is subjected to a rotating vs. a static electric field. To generate a rotating electric field, four 90-degrees phase-shifted voltage signals are applied to four electrodes surrounding a cell, as shown in Figure 1. The rotation rate and direction depends on the amplitude of the applied voltage, frequency, and on the properties of a oel's substructures. Electronotation can also be used for orienting polarized cells in specific directions for the engineering of distinct types of tissues. Figure 1. Another application of electric fields is in dielectrophonesis, the induced lateral movement of particles in non-uniform A cell is suspended in a low conductivity buffer, and a non-uniform el field is applied to the cell using microelectrodes on either side ofthe cell. The cell behaves ike a dielectric particle in an electric feld, becoming polarized as a result of particle charge separation, as shown in Figure 2. MacBook Air

Explanation / Answer

Since equipotential lines are the surfaces of constant potential, since work done = E.dS, so these surfaces are perpendicular to electric field.

With this information one can say optiion 3 is correct as for the electric field given the surfaces are perpendicular to the field.

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