#1 I post this twice, please don\'t duplicate answer I need two different views.
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#1
I post this twice, please don't duplicate answer I need two different views. CLEAR HANDWRITING PLEASE, Thanks
PLEASE, PLEASE, PLEASE, FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTOR. I DONT NEED JUST SOMETHING, I NEED YOU TO ANSWER WHAT I NEED. PLEASE DONT ANSWER IF YOU CANT DO EXACTLY I NEED. ALSO, PLEASE DO NOT COPY FROM ANY WEBSITE, IT HAS TO BE YOUR OWN WORD.
1. CHOOSE ONE OF TOPIC I LISTED
2.WHY YOU CHOOSE THIS PARTICULAR TOPIC
3. INCLUDE YOUR REPUTABLE SOURCE
4. REFERENCE
Discussion Board topic!
I would like you to write about something that is related to the Human Genome Project - 2013 was its tenth anniversary! Here is the link to an optional review article: http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i20/Human-Genome-Map-Turns-10.html (Human genome map turns 10). This topic also includes personalized medicine/health care. You may also choose to write about your opinions and any concerns you may have about personal genome sequencing. Please include WHY (1 pt) you chose your topic to earn full credit - duplicate topics are acceptable. As always, please include your reputable source (0.5 pt) to earn full credit. Please note that you will not receive credit for your topic if you "recycle" the information from your ten point assignment. Here are some suggestions:
ARTICLE:
http://www.genome.gov/10001772 (All about the Human Genome Project)
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml (Human Genome Project Information)
http://report.nih.gov/nihfactsheets/ViewFactSheet.aspx?csid=45 (NIH Fact Sheets - Human Genome Project)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0888754315300410 The sequence of sequencers: The history of sequencing DNA)
https://www.illumina.com/content/dam/illumina-marketing/documents/products/illumina_sequencing_introduction.pdf (An Introduction to Next-Generation Sequencing Technology)
https://www.genome.gov/27564852/2016-news-release-nih-creates-atlas-of-human-malformation-syndromes-in-diverse-populations/
https://www.genome.gov/27563841/2016-release-nih-researchers-identify-striking-genomic-signature-shared-by-five-types-of-cancer/
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161103124609.htm (Study reveals non-invasive prenatal genetic test is accurate five weeks into pregnancy
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-paradox-of-precision-medicine/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178974 (Antidepressant prescribing in the precision medicine era: a prescriber's primer on pharmacogenetic tools)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28146134 (Next-Generation Sequencing in Oncology: Genetic Diagnosis, Risk Prediction and Cancer Classification)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28082152 (Pharmacogenomics in epilepsy)
Explanation / Answer
Human Genome Project first began in the 1970s when biologists started scrutinizing human gene at the molecular level. In 1980s several countries started to map parts of the human genome. In 1989, the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) was founded by eminent scientists of the field for promoting international collaboration for Human Genome Project related research. Systematic and collaborative research on Human Genome Project was started in 1990 with an aim to complete human genome sequence in 15 years. More than 2,000 scientists from over 20 institutes in six countries collaborated for this research. Finally, the first human genome draft was published in 2001 in Nature and Science, top ranked scientific journals. In February 2001, the publicly funded Human Genome Project Organization and the private company Celera jointly declared that they had mapped the lion's share of the human genome. These maps show that there are only about 30,000 genes – much fewer than the 100,000 expected. In April 2003, the 50th anniversary of the publication of the structure of DNA, the completed map, was announced. The final sequence covers 99 per cent of the gene-containing regions of the genome. Human genome was completed by 2003. Nature published a special issue on human genome project in 2006. The human genome data opens new opportunities for research in medical Biotechnology.
Human Genome Project also studied ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) surrounding availability of genetic information and 3% to 5% of total budget was used for the purpose.
Objectives of Human Genome Project
- Mapping and Sequencing the Genomes of Model Organisms.
- Data Collection and Distribution.
- Ethical, Legal, and Social Considerations.
- Research Training.
- Technology Development and Transfer
The Human Genome Project is a global, long-term research effort to identify the estimated 30,000 genes in human DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and to figure out the sequences of the chemical bases that make up human DNA. Findings are being collected in database s that researchers share. In addition to its scientific objectives, the Project also aims to address ethical, legal, and social issues. The Project will make use also of results from the genetic research done on other animals, such as the fruit fly and the laboratory mouse. Research findings are expected to provide a dramatically greater understanding of how life works and specifically how we might better diagnose and treat human disorders. Besides giving us insights into human DNA, findings about nonhuman DNA may offer new ways to control our environment.A genome is the sum of all the DNA in an organism. The DNA includes genes, each of which carries some information for making certain proteins, which in turn determine physical appearance, certain behavioral characteristics, how well the organism combats specific diseases, and other characteristics. There are four chemical bases in a genome. These bases are abbreviated as A, T, C, and G. The particular order of these chemical bases as they are repeated millions and even billions of time is what makes species different and each organism unique. The human genome has 3 billion pairs of bases.Some databases that collect findings are already in existence. The plan is for all databases to be publicly available by the end of 2003. The organization of these databases and the algorithm for making use of the data are the subject of new graduate study programs and a new science called bioinformatics . A biochip is being developed that is expected to accelerate research by encapsulating known DNA sequences that can act as "test tubes" for trial substances that can then be analyzed for similarities.
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