Need help with these questions How can restriction enzymes be used to determine
ID: 208428 • Letter: N
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Need help with these questions
How can restriction enzymes be used to determine paternity? Generally understand the role gel electrophoresis plays in this type of testing. Specifically, know that gel electrophoresis can be used to separate DNA molecules based on size (base pair length).
How do adult stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells (ESCs)?
What is the difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning? Be able to describe the process of generating a cloned embryo that can serve as a source of ESCs.
Describe how bacterial antibiotic resistance provides an example of evolution at work.
What is meant by influenza genetic (antigenic) drift and shift? Understand that the emergence of new influenza viral subtypes that can evade immune system destruction provide an example of evolution at work.
Understand that both Reverse Transcriptase and RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase are error prone and are unable to repair the errors made. In this context, what does error prone mean?
Explanation / Answer
fragments produced by various restriction enzyme from a number of different loci can be used to identify individuals with the accuracy of a fingerpringt.and fingerprinting is used in the legal world to determine parentage,genealogy,and other genetic relationship.
DNA fingerprinting uses gel electrophoresis to distinguish between samples of the genetic material. The human DNA molecules are treated with enzymes cut, thereby reducing the DNA to a collection of more manageably sized pieces. The DNA fragments are loaded into a gel and placed in an electrical field, which electrophoretically sorts the DNA fragments into various bands. These bands can be colored with a radioactive dye to make them visible to imaging techniques.,For individual people, the bands of DNA created through this process will have a pattern that is specific to the individual. Part of this pattern comes from the size of the DNA; part of it comes from the sequence of the DNA of a specific size.
gel electrophoresis done by inserting molecules such as DNA into little pockets called wells within a slab of gel. They place the gel in a box called an electrophoresis chamber that’s filled with a salty, electricity-conducting buffer solution.The DNA molecules, which have a negative charge, move toward positive electrode because opposite charges attract.When the power is turned off, all the DNA molecules stop where they are in the gel, and then staining is done. The stain sticks to the DNA, creating stripes called bands. Each band represents a collection of DNA molecules that are the same size and stopped in the same place in the gel.
An embryonic stem cell potentially can develop into ANY cell in the body without limit to replenish, and an adult stem cell is only able to mature into a specialised tissue cell from which tissue cell is positioned.Adult stem cells are harvested from newborn's cord blood or human bone marrow while embryo stem cells come from the inner cell mass of a human embryo. No fetus is killed to use the stem cells, but the embryo cannot function and must be destroyed without a inner cell mass.
reproductive cloning involves creating an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer. In reproductive cloning, the newly created embryo is placed back into the uterine environment where it can implant and develop. Dolly the sheep is perhaps the most well known example. In therapeutic cloning, an embryo is created in a similar way, but the resulting "cloned" cells remain in a dish in the lab; they are not implanted into a female's uterus
ESC METHOD- Isolation of cells from patient<remove nucleus from an egg cell<transfer nucleus from patient cell to egg<egg cell reprograms the patient dna<stimulate the cell,devlop to blastocyte stage<isolate inner mass from blastocyst and grow.
When a population of bacteria is bombarded with antibiotics, the 'weak' ones will die. The ones with some resistance built in will survive, and divide to form a new population of copies of themselves, or a resistant population. This in itself is survival of the fittest in a very pure form.
antigenic drift- These are small changes in the genes of influenza viruses that happen continually over time as the virus replicates. These small genetic changes usually produce viruses that are pretty closely related to one another, which can be illustrated by their location close together on a phylogenetic tree.
antigenic shift.” Antigenic shift is an abrupt, major change in the influenza A viruses, resulting in new hemagglutinin and/or new hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in influenza viruses that infect humans
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