L. Describe the differences between the carbon and oxygen atoms. 2. Why is an oc

Question

L. Describe the differences between the carbon and oxygen atoms. 2. Why is an octet of electrons a stable configuration? 3. Identify the type of bond and the product formula expected between potassium (K) and bromine (Br), and explain the basic nature of this bond. Show the resulting outer elec- tron configurations of K and Br after the bond is formed. 4. Identify the type of bond and the product formula expected between magnesium (Mg) and chlorine (CI), and explain the basic nature of this bond. Show the resulting outer electron configurations of Mg and CI after the bond has formed. 5. Describe the type of bonding between carbon and chlorine. 6. What is an initiator and why is it important in a polymerization reaction? 7. Why is it harder to make very long polymer chains using the condensation polymeriza- tion method than by using the addition polymerization method? 8. Describe the bonding in a carbon-carbon double bond. Include in this description an explanation of the mechanism by which the various bonds are formed. What does the existence of a double bond tell about the other atoms bonded to the carbon atoms? 9. Define monomer and polymer. Write typical polymeric repeating unit structures for both addition and condensation polymerization, and explain the various symbols con- tained therein. 10. Which polymerization method, addition or condensation, is expected to result in branched molecules? Why? 11. Describe crosslinking and the resultant properties that it will create. 12. What is a copolymer and how are copolymers formed? 13. What is the molecular difference between thermoset and thermoplastic materials? 14. Achieving a high molecular weight was a major problem in the development of the nylon polymerization process. Why was this so? Suggest a method to overcome the problem. 15. Define a free radical, and explain why it is so reactive.

Explanation / Answer

1.

Carbon Atom

Oxygen Atom

Has a total of 6 electrons

Has a total of 8 electrons

Electronic configuration is 1s22s22p2

Electronic configuration is 1s22s22p4

4 electrons in valence shell

6 electrons in the valence shell

Bigger atomic radius than Oxygen

Smaller atomic radius than carbon

Atomic mass 12

Atomic mass 16

2. The Octet rule states that elements are generally stable if they have 8 electrons in their valence shell. This is due to the fact, that with 8 electrons, all lower energy orbitals can be completely filled with an s2p6 electron configuration. The s orbital can take a maximum of 2 electrons and a p orbital can take a maximum of 6 electrons, so the s2p6 configuration is stable.

Carbon Atom

Oxygen Atom

Has a total of 6 electrons

Has a total of 8 electrons

Electronic configuration is 1s22s22p2

Electronic configuration is 1s22s22p4

4 electrons in valence shell

6 electrons in the valence shell

Bigger atomic radius than Oxygen

Smaller atomic radius than carbon

Atomic mass 12

Atomic mass 16

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