can u help me to answer and describe this questions? 1. What steps were needed t

Question

can u help me to answer and describe this questions?

1. What steps were needed to extract DNA from the samples? Describe what you did at each step and what happened chemically. (1 point) 2. Describe any problems you had grinding up the samples or extracting your DNA. How might these difficulties affect your results? (1 point) 3. You had two unknown samples and one known sample that you extracted DNA from. Yet you set up 7 PCR reactions. Why did you need to set up 7 PCR reactions? Explain the role of each tube and what it will tell you. (1 point) TubeT Type ofWhat DNA?Mix? GMO+GM GM Purpose +) CONTROL GMO CONTROL GMO 2 3 4 OAT OAT PS11 (+) CONTROL PCR CHIPA GM TEST FOR GMO CHIPA PS11 TEST PCR CHIPBGM TEST GMO CHIPBPS11 TEST PCFR 6 GM: GMO PRIMER. PM= PSI I PRIMER.-GMO (+) DNA. INSTAGENE 4. The PCR machine changes temperatures during the reaction to accomplish the PCR technique. Describe what is happening chemically at each temperature. (1 point) 5. What would you expect to find in a sample that had GMO DNA using the GMO primer and the same DNA with the PSII primer? Feel free to draw if it helps you explain (1 point)

Explanation / Answer

1. Three steps are required to extract DNA from the samples:

a. Lysis: this step involve the breaking of cell and it's nucleus to get the DNA present in the cell with the help of detergent and enzyme that break the cell wall and cell membrane of the cell.

b. Precipitation : in this step, firstly sodium ion are added in order to neutralize negative charge of DNA. This make the DNA more stable.. After that, alcohol is added, so that DNA is precipated as it become charge less.

c. Purification : After that, DNA is separated from other cellular debris. DNA is re-dissolved in water to keep it for further processing,.

2. One of the problem in DNA extraction involve, is the processing step of DNA. This step require the separation of DNA from cellular debris, but most of the time, it does not happen accurately. This will effect in not getting the image of DNA separated.

4. The steps involved in PCR are

a. Denaurating: in this step, DNA is separated in to two strands. Bond between strands of DNA are broken down.

b. Annealing : in this step, temperature is lowered in order to primer attach with DNA.

c. Extension: in this step, temperature is increased so that new DNA strand is synthesized with the help of taq polymease.  

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