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Eukaryotic Extra Credit Question #4: What is a Eukaryote?) extracellular protein

ID: 212105 • Letter: E

Question

Eukaryotic Extra Credit Question #4: What is a Eukaryote?) extracellular proteins and extracellular domains of Eukaryotic proteins often are highly "decorated" with oligosaccharides. These allow Eukaryotic organisms to identify their own cells (vs. cells associated with parasites) and also ensures that extracellular proteins/domains remain folded in the rough and tumble environment outside of the cell (Extra Credit Question #5 what post-translational modification extracellular proteins, both Eukarvotic and Prokaryotic, also helps stabilize folded proteins?): ing highly hydrophilic oligosaccharides outside a protein prevents misfolding as such hav misfolding being would remove those oligosaccharides from the aqueous environment, and sugars, water soluble, don't "want"' to be removed from the aqueous environment.

Explanation / Answer

Post translational modification of polypeptides

basically the modification is by chemical Modification

primary translational products often undergo addition of chemical which are attached colavently

Most common post translational chemical modifications are

1.acetylation- on lysine aminoacid

2.methylation-on lysine aminoacid

3.phosphorylation-on serine ,threonine,tyrosine,asparagine,histidine,lysine

4.hydroxylation-on proline and lysine

5.carboxylation-on glutamine

6.palmitoylation-on cysteine

7.myristolation-on glycine

8.acylation-on serine ,threonine,cysteine

=>Next common way of post translational modification is proteolytic cleavage

For example proteins in digestive enzymes that are produced are in active forms which are converted into active forms like preproinsulin which on removal of signal peptide is changed into pro insulin finally removal of c peptide moiety of proinsulin gives insulin

=>structural changes like making disulphide bridges

=>protein splicing like self catalytic removal of interns analogous to mRNA processing.

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