Step 1: Building your map Using the vocab terms below generate a map showing how
ID: 212899 • Letter: S
Question
Step 1: Building your map
Using the vocab terms below generate a map showing how the immune system is activated.
Key Terms
Pathogens
Defense mechanisms
Nonspecific/innate immunity
Specific/adaptive Immunity
Passive Immunity
Humoral Response
B-Cells
Plasma Cells
Antigen
Antibodies
Cell Mediated Response
T-Cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
Cytokines
Perforin
Plant defenses
Hypersensitive response
Invertebrate defenses
Your map must include:
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
Detailed description and pictures of activation of the humoral and cell mediated branches
Active vs. passive immunity
Defenses in lower animals and plants
Pathogens
Defense mechanisms
Nonspecific/innate immunity
Specific/adaptive Immunity
Passive Immunity
Humoral Response
B-Cells
Plasma Cells
Antigen
Antibodies
Cell Mediated Response
T-Cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
Cytokines
Perforin
Plant defenses
Hypersensitive response
Invertebrate defenses
Explanation / Answer
IMMUNITY-- It is the ability of an organism to resist or defend itself from the development of a disease.
It is of two types -- 1] INNATE IMMUNITY [ inborn immunity]
2] ACQUIRED IMMUNITY [ adaptive immunity] - It is of two types-
a] Active immunity, and b] Passive immunity
Let us know about them in detail :
1. INNATE IMMUNITY-
* It is present from birth and is inherited from parents.
* It is non specific.
* It is accomplished by providing different types of barriers like-
a] Physical barriers- These barriers do not allow pathogens and foreign agents to enter the body .
For example , in our body, the skin, mucous membranes of digestive , respiratory and urinogenital tract act as physical barriers and trap microorganisms.
b] Physiological barriers - Sweat , tears, acids in the stomach and saliva prevent microbial growth.
c] Cellular barriers- White blood cells [ leucocytes, monocytes and natural killer lymphocytes ] and macrophages destroy microbes that have entered the body.
d] Cytokine barriers - Interferons produced by virus-infested cells protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
2. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
* It is not present from birth and develops during an individual's lifetime.
* It is pathogen specific.
* It has the ability to distinguish among diverse types of foreign molecules or antigens
* When the immune system encounters a pathogen for the first time , a primary response is produced. It is of low intensity. The memory of this encounter with the pathogen is also formed.
On subsequent encounters with the same pathogen, a secondary or anamnestic response is produced which is of very high intensity .
* Immune responses are produced by two types of lymphocytes-
a] B- lymphocytes or B-cells, which produce an army of proteins called antibodies in blood, in response to the pathogen.
b] T-lymphocytes or T - cells, which help the B-cells to produce antibodies
* Two types of acquired immune response or immunities develop in the body--
a] Humoral immune response or antibody mediated immunity [ AMI ]- It is mediated by antibodies in the blood and lymph[ humor ].
b] Cell mediated immune response or cell mediated immunity [ CMI ] - It is mediated by T- lymphocytes . It is responsible for graft rejection in organ transplant because of its ability to differentiate between "self" and " non self" cells and tissues.
Difference between Acquired Active Immunity and Acquired Passive Immunity---
ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY
i] It is developed due to contact with pathogens i] It is developed when ready made antibodies
or their antigens. are injected into the body.
ii] It has no side effects or only a few. ii] It may cause a reaction.
iii] It is slow but long lasting. iii] It is fast but lasts only for a few days.
iv] It takes time to develop its response. iv] It is used when the immune response has to be faster.
eg. vaccination for polio eg. administration of tetanus antitoxins .
* HYPERSENSITIVE REACTION -- Sometimes the immune system reacts in an exaggerated or hypersensitive manner to certain antigens present in the environment. This is called allergy .
The substances that which produce such a reaction in an individual are called allergens. eg. pollen grains, dust , animal dander, certain drugs and chemicals etc.
IgE antibodies are produced in response to allergens.
Allergy is caused when histamine and serotonin are released from the mast cells.
* AUTO IMMUNITY - It is an abnormal immune response in which the immune system of the body sterts rejecting its own cells or 'self cells' . Examples are Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis etc.
DEFENCE IN LOWER ANIMALS AND PLANTS--
Lower animals have also evolved an elaborate means of defence against pathogens . Phagocytosis or 'cell eating' is an important means of defence in all animals. Research has shown that lower animals also have a welldeveloped and complex immune system. Invertebrates recognise peptidoglycan, a component of the bacterial cell wall, and this triggers a rapid immune response in them.
Plants protect themselves from pathogens in two ways- 1] they have pre-formed structures and chemicals which kill the pathogen , and 2] by infection induced responses of the immune system.
In plants, disease outcome is determined by a three way interaction of the pathogen , the plant and tje environmental condition. This is known as the ' disease triangle ' .
It is also found that defence activating compounds can move from cell to cell and also through the plant vascular system . But because the plants do not have circulating immune cells so most cell types a broad type of anti microbial defenses.
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