4. Sequencing genomes of tumor cells identifies many mutations in the genome of

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4. Sequencing genomes of tumor cells identifies many mutations in the genome of tumor cells. However, most mutations in tumors do not drive cancer. Please explain why (1pt) 5. Two pure-breeding lines of mouse (strain a and strain b) have been obtained. Each mouse line has a mutation in a single gene. Both lines have shorter life span as compared to the wild-type mouse. Three crosses between strain a and the wild type, between strain b and the wild type, as well as between strain a and strain b always produce 100% wild-type mice offspring with normal growth. Please explain in how the three crosses will not produce mouse with short life span MacBook Air 5 command com

Explanation / Answer

Q4)

The cancer refers to a new growth, having the capacity to invade surrounding tissues, metastasize ( spread to other organs) and which may gradually lead to the patient's death if not treated in proper time.

Around 35000 genes in body are associated with cancer, alteration in these genes causes cancer.

A tumor is always not cancer, a cancer is usually a threatening type of tumor. There are various terms related to cancer they are , Neoplasm, Tumor (Benign, Malignant)

Neoplasm- It is an abnormal new growth of cells. In this the cells grow more rapidly than normal cells and keep growing, if not treated . When they grow, they cause damage to adjacent structures. The term neoplasm is of two types- Benign ( curable) or Malignant (cancerous) .

Tumor is referred to a mass , it is a non specific form of neoplasm, it may be benign or malignant.

Benign tumors are non-cancerous tumors, usually they are localized, and they do not spread to other parts of the body, they respond well to treatments.

Malignant tumors are usually cancerous. They are resistant to treatments, and they spread to other parts of the body and sometimes they may comeback, after being removed by surgery.

Cancer can occurs when there is defect in these three types of genes. The first group is called proto-oncogenes, they are the protein producing genes, which helps in cell division or inhibit normal cell death. The mutated forms of these genes are called oncogenes. The second group, called tumor suppressor genes they makes proteins which prevent cell division or cause cell death. The third group contains DNA repair genes, which help in preventing mutations leading to cancer.

Uncontrolled cell growth, causes harm to body. When  altered cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors. Cells alter due to mutation, usually body is equipped to correct the mutation, based on where in gene the change has occured. A mutation is harmful, beneficial or do not make any difference, to lead to cancer body requires multiple mutations.

usually in body DNA repair genes fix the problem if some error occurs inside body. When DNA is copied, but when there is fault or error in the DNA repair gene, the mistakes in the genome are not corrected and they become mutations leading to cancer. Also when there is mutation in tumor suppresor gene cancer occurs.

Neoplasm- It is an abnormal new growth of cells. In this the cells grow more rapidly than normal cells and keep growing, if not treated . When they grow, they cause damage to adjacent structures. The term neoplasm is of two types- Benign ( curable) or Malignant (cancerous) .

Tumor is referred to a mass , it is a non specific form of neoplasm, it may be benign or malignant.

Benign tumors are non-cancerous tumors, usually they are localized, and they do not spread to other parts of the body, they respond well to treatments.

Malignant tumors are usually cancerous. They are resistant to treatments, and they spread to other parts of the body and sometimes they may comeback, after being removed by surgery.

Cancer can occurs when there is defect in these three types of genes. The first group is called proto-oncogenes, they are the protein producing genes, which helps in cell division or inhibit normal cell death. The mutated forms of these genes are called oncogenes. The second group, called tumor suppressor genes they makes proteins which prevent cell division or cause cell death. The third group contains DNA repair genes, which help in preventing mutations leading to cancer.

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