[1] How would you explain the difference between kinetic energy and potential en
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Question
[1] How would you explain the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy? Give an example from the real world where potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy.[2] How would you describe the differences between heat, temperature, and thermal energy? Give examples of how each term is used.
[3] Describe the components in the atom. Indicate the charge on each of the species and their location. Indicate the role, if any, that each plays in (a) chemistry and (b) nuclear processes.
[4] Describe the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond. Give an example of a compound that exhibits ionic bonding. Give an example of a compound that exhibits a covalent bond.
[5] What is the difference between mass and weight (give an example)? Describe if and how each would change if it was on the moon instead.
[6] What are the three main types of bonds? Briefly explain them and use an example for each.
Explanation / Answer
[1]
The kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its motion. Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored within a physical system. It is called potential energy because it has the potential to be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, and to do work in the process.
When a tennis ball is dropped by someone, its gravitational potential energy is converted into the kinetic energy of motion
[2]
Simply put, heat is the flow of thermal energy.
Temperature is a measurement that represents average thermal energy. Heat goes from objects with high temperature to low temperature, not high thermal energy to low thermal energy.
For example, a massive glacier will have more total thermal energy than a small hot nail (simply because it has more molecules); however, its temperature is lower because it has less average thermal energy. Therefore, energy will be transfered from the nail to the glacier...
Thermal energy is the total internal energy of the system. This has to do with the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules, i.e. how fast the molecules are vibrating and their chemical bonds.
[3]
Components of atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons - Found in the center of an atom (the nucleus). they have a positive charge
Neutrons - Also found in the center of an atom. they have no chagre
Electrons - Found orbiting the atom in a place called the electron cloud or electron shell. they have a negative charge
a.) Chemistry
Protons and neutrons don't play much of a role in chemistry, since they are in the center of an atom. Electrons, however, play a huge role. In almost all chemical reactions, atoms gain or lose their electrons. Sometimes, they end up sharing their electrons with other atoms.
b.) Nuclear Processes
In nuclear processes, the nucleus of the atom itself changes, and therefore the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus play a huge role in this, usually by breaking apart from the atom to form alpha particles, or by turning into other subatomic partices (like positrons). Electrons play the same role as they do in chemical processes (described in part a).
[4]
In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound together by the attraction between oppositely-charged ions. For example, sodium and chloride form an ionic bond, to make NaCl, or table salt. In a covalent bond, the atoms are bound by shared electrons. If the electron is shared equally between the atoms forming a covalent bond, then the bond is said to be nonpolar. Usually, an electron is more attracted to one atom than to another, forming a polar covalent bond. For example, the atoms in water, H2O, are held together by polar covalent bonds.
Simply put, ionic bonds are held together the same way two magnets are held togther while covalent bonds are held together the way legos are held together
[5]
Mass is a measurement of how much matter is in an object; weight is a measurement of how hard gravity is pulling on that object. Your mass is the same wherever you are--on Earth, on the moon, floating in space--because the amount of stuff you're made of doesn't change. But your weight depends on how much gravity is acting on you at the moment; you'd weigh less on the moon than on Earth, and in interstellar space you'd weigh almost nothing at all.
[6]
Ionic Bonds: Atoms are bound together by the attraction between oppositely-charged ions
Example: NaCl
Covalent Bonds: Atoms are bound by shared electrons
Example: H2O and O2
Metallic Bonds: In this bond, all the nuclei of the atoms all lined up they same way they are in ionic bonds. However, the electrons are free to move between one nucleus to the other. The electrons don't orbit one particular nucleus, but rather they orbit the entire object as a whole
Example: Mn, Au, and Ag
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