ELISA Simulation Introduction The Body\'s Defense System The body possesses seve
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ELISA Simulation Introduction The Body's Defense System The body possesses several lines of defense against infection by pathogenic organisms. Pathogens are tiny, disease-causing agents including viruses, bacteria, protosoa, molds, and other microorganisms. Pathogens invade the body and multiply; they can cause sickness or even the death of the invaded individual. The body employs three lines of defense to prevent and fight off such dangerous intrusions. The first two defense modes are nonspecific. They include the body's physical barriers and the nonspecific immune system. These defenses function without regard to the type of pathogenic intrudet The third layer of defense is the body's specific immune system. Specific immune responses are tailored to the type of Specific Immune Response Specific immune responses are triggered by antigen molecules. Antigens include proteins and other molecules produced by pathogens. The key players in the specific immune defense are dendritic cells, macrophages, and small white blood cells called B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Phagocytic macrophages and dendritic cells break down pathogens and display antigenic fragments from the pathogens on the surface of their cell membranes. Band T lymphocytes circulate through the body in the blood and lymph. When T cells see displayed antigenic fragments, they stimulate specific B cells to reproduce and generate antibodies designed against the specific structure of the antigen encountered. Thus, the word antigen is derived from the term "antibody generator Antibodies are a group of serum proteins (also referred to as immunoglobulins) that are found in the bloodstream or bound to cell membranes. These proteins all have the same basic Y-shaped structure, but have different antigen binding sites at their ends. Antigen binding sites are designed to fit the shape of specific antigens. Antibodies bind to antigens like a lock and key, forming antigen-antibody complexes (see Figure 1). Antigen Antibody Figure 1. Antigen-antibody complex When an antibody forms an antigen-antibody complex, generally it marks the invading organism/antigen for destruction or for clearance from the bloodstream by phagocytic cells. This removal is designed to prevent the organism/antigen from infecting the cell. Antigen-antibody complexes also stimulate additional immune responses to aid the body in clearing an infection.Explanation / Answer
Disease for which ELISA was done- Malaria (This is a assumed disease as the scenario is not given in the question).
6.
This disease is caused by the plasmodium falciparum. This disease is spread by the mosquito called female anopheles. Female anopheles are the vector for the plasmodium falciparum.
7.
The ELISA test for the patient was done by using the serum sample taken from the blood of the patient. a) A plate coated with the pathogen or its epitops only was given the antibodies present in the serum against the pathogen.
b)The antibodies specific to the epitops bind to the pathogen.
c) Then secondary antibody conjugated with the enzyme HRP was given that was specific to the primary antibody.
d) Now the substrate AP specific to HRP was given that had change the color of the solution to dark yellow.
The darker color indicate the presence of high amount of pathogen and antibody against it. The positive tested patients treated with the drugs that can kill the pathogen and help in increasing the immunity to fight against the pathogen. The most frequent drug used is chloroquine.
8.
Washing is a important step in the ELISA. This is because washing help in removing the nonbinding agents from the solution. It help in giving the effective and perfect results. The time of washing is always need to take in the consideration.
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