Cells of terrestrial plants and animals can be differentiated into different cel
ID: 218959 • Letter: C
Question
Cells of terrestrial plants and animals can be differentiated into different cell types with specialized functions and structures. a List five differentiated cells in plants. For each cell type, briefly describe its structure – function relationships. (20 marks) b List four specified types of tissue in animals. For each tissue type, briefly describe its structure – function relationships (16 marks) c What is morphogenesis? Illustrate the process with an example (4 marks) d Compare and contrast the process of morphogenesis in terrestrial plants and higher animals.
Explanation / Answer
There are many types of plant cell which includes:
1. Parenchyma cells: They are the major cells of plants. Plant leaves are made up of parenchyma cells and play a major role in plants metabolism and food production. These cells are thinner and thus more flexible than others.
2. Sclerenchyma cells: They are very hard and therefore provide supports to the plant. They are generally present in the plant roots and do not live past maturity.
3. Collenchyma cells: They are also hard but less harder than sclerenchyma cells. They also provide supports to the plants but normally when the plant is young. They grow and stretch with the growth of plant.
4. Xylem cells: They are also called as water conducting cells. They are hard cells that bring water up to the leaves. They do not live past maturity but their cell wall remains to allow water to flow freely through the plant.
5. Phloem cells: They are a type of cells that transports sugar produced by the leaves throughout the plant. These cells live past maturity.
There are many types of animal cells which includes:
Skin cells: Keratinocytes and melanocytes are main cells of skin.The keratin in skin cells helps to make skin an effective layer of protection for the body. Keratin also makes hair and nails.
Muscle cells: They are also known as myocytes. They are long tubular cells which play a major role in movement of organism's limbs and organs. There are three types of muscle celss: skeletal muscle cells (making conscious movement of the body), cardiac muscle cells ( control contractions of heart by generating electrical impulses) or smooth muscle cells (control subconscious movements of tissues such as blood vessels, the uterus, and the stomach).
Blood cells: There are mainly two types of blood cells. RBC and WBC. RBC: Red blood cells constitute almost 99.9% of all blood cells and are responsible for delivering oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Red blood cells are the only animal cells having no nucleus. WBC: White blood cells are a vital part of an animal’s immune system and help to battle infections by killing off damaging bacteria and other compounds.
Nerve cells: They are also known as neurons and are the main cells of nervous system. They are the message carriers of animal cells and deliver and receive signals using dendrites and axons. Dendrites and axons are extensions from the cell that receive and export signals to and from the cell, respectively.
Morphogenesis: Morphogenes is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.
Morphogenesis in plants and animals: Developmental strategies of plants and animals have developed separately for millions of years. Both realms still have much in common, but some of their problems and solutionsare unique. Mechanisms of multicellular development developed independently in plants andanimals. The major differences are:
-Animal cells are motile while plant cells are positionally fixed.
- The animal body plan in most parts clearly determined while plant development is highly regulated by the environment.
- During the life cycle of animal there is just one multicellular stage while in terrestrial plants there are many multicellular stages in their life cycle.
Related Questions
drjack9650@gmail.com
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.