A heat engine carries 5.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas around the cycle shown

Question

A heat engine carries 5.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas around the cycle shown in the figure. Process 1-2 takes place at constant volume and takes the gas from 300 K to 600 K, process 2-3 is adiabatic and takes the gas from 600 K to 455 K, and process 3-1 takes place at a constant pressure and returns the gas to 300 K.

1) Compute the heat Q for the whole cycle.

2) Compute the change in internal energy DeltaE for the cycle as a whole.

3) Calculate the work done by the gas for the cycle.

4) If the initial pressure at point 1 is 1.8 atm, find the pressure at point 2 in atm.

5) If the initial pressure at point 1 is 1.8 atm, find the volume at point 3 (in m3).

Explanation / Answer

Chapter 19 The Second Law of Thermodynamics Conceptual Problems 5 • An air conditioner’s COP is mathematically identical to that of a refrigerator, that is, WQcrefACCOPCOP==. However a heat pump’s COP is defined differently, as WQhhpCOP=. Explain clearly why the two COPs are defined differently. Hint: Think of the end use of the three different devices. Determine the Concept The COP is defined so as to be a measure of the effectiveness of the device. For a refrigerator or air conditioner, the important quantity is the heat drawn from the already colder interior, Qc. For a heat pump, the ideas is to focus on the heat drawn into the warm interior of the house, Qh. 9 •• Explain why the following statement is true: To increase the efficiency of a Carnot engine, you should make the difference between the two operating temperatures as large as possible; but to increase the efficiency of a Carnot cycle refrigerator, you should make the difference between the two operating temperatures as small as possible. Determine the Concept A Carnot-cycle refrigerator is more efficient when the temperatures are close together because it requires less work to extract heat from an already cold interior if the temperature of the exterior is close to the temperature of the interior of the refrigerator. A Carnot-cycle heat engine is more efficient when the temperature difference is large because then more work is done by the engine for each unit of heat absorbed from the hot reservoir. 17 •• Sketch an SV diagram of the Carnot cycle for an ideal gas. Determine the Concept Referring to Figure 19-8, process 1?2 is an isothermal expansion. In this process heat is added to the system and the entropy and volume increase. Process 2?3 is adiabatic, so S is constant as V increases. Process 3?4 is an isothermal compression in which S decreases and V also decreases. Finally, process 4?1 is adiabatic, that is, isentropic, and S is constant while V decreases. During the isothermal expansion (from point 1 to point 2) the work done by the gas equals the heat added to the gas. The change in entropy of the gas from point 1 (where the temperature is T1) to an arbitrary point on the curve is given by: 1TQS=? 385 Chapter 19 386 For an isothermal expansion, the work done by the gas, and thus the heat added to the gas, are given by: ????????==11lnVVnRTWQ Substituting for Q yields: ????????=?1lnVVnRS Since , we have: SSS?+=1 ????????+=11lnVVnRSS The graph of S as a function of V for an isothermal expansion shown to the right was plotted using a spreadsheet program. This graph establishes the curvature of the 1?2 and 3?4 paths for the SV graph. VS An SV graph for the Carnot cycle (see Figure 19-8) is shown to the right. VS1234 Estimation and Approximation 23 •• Estimate the maximum efficiency of an automobile engine that has a compression ratio of 8.0:1.0. Assume the engine operates according to the Otto cycle and assume ? = 1.4. (The Otto cycle is discussed in Section 19-1.) Picture the Problem The maximum efficiency of an automobile engine is given by the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between the same two temperatures. We can use the expression for the Carnot efficiency and the equation relating V and T for a quasi-static adiabatic expansion to express the Carnot efficiency of the engine in terms of its compression ratio. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 387 Express the Carnot efficiency of an engine operating between the temperatures Tc and Th: hcC1TT-=e Relate the temperatures Tc and Th to the volumes Vc and Vh for a quasi-static adiabatic compression from Vc to Vh: 1hh1cc--=??VTVT?1ch1c1hhc---????????==???VVVVTT Substitute for hcTTto obtain: 1chC1-????????-=?eVV Express the compression ratio r: hcVVr= Substituting for r yields: 1C11--=?er Substitute numerical values for r and ? (1.4 for diatomic gases) and evaluate eC: ()%560.81114.1C˜-=-e 25 •• The average temperature of the surface of the Sun is about 5400 K, the average temperature of the surface of Earth is about 290 K. The solar constant (the intensity of sunlight reaching Earth’s atmosphere) is about 1.37 kW/m2. (a) Estimate the total power of the sunlight hitting Earth. (b) Estimate the net rate at which Earth’s entropy is increasing due to this solar radiation. Picture the Problem We can use the definition of intensity to find the total power of sunlight hitting Earth and the definition of the change in entropy to find the changes in the entropy of Earth and the Sun resulting from the radiation from the Sun. (a) Using its definition, express the intensity of the Sun’s radiation on Earth in terms of the power P delivered to Earth and Earth’s cross sectional area A: API= Solve for P and substitute for A to obtain: 2RIIAPp== where R is the radius of Earth. Substitute numerical values and evaluate P: ()()W1075.1W10746.1m1037.6kW/m37.11717262×=×=×=pP Chapter 19 388 (b) Express the rate at which Earth’s entropy SEarth changes due to the flow of solar radiation: EarthEarthTPdtdS= Substitute numerical values and evaluate dtdSEarth: sJ/K1002.6K290W10746.11417Earth·×=×=dtdS Heat Engines and Refrigerators 27 • A heat engine with 20.0% efficiency does 0.100 kJ of work during each cycle. (a) How much heat is absorbed from the hot reservoir during each cycle? (b) How much heat is released to the cold reservoir during each cycle? Picture the Problem (a) The efficiency of the engine is defined to be hQW=e where W is the work done per cycle and Qh is the heat absorbed from the hot reservoir during each cycle. (b) Because, from conservation of energy, , we can express the efficiency of the engine in terms of the heat QchQWQ+=c released to the cold reservoir during each cycle. (a) Qh absorbed from the hot reservoir during each cycle is given by: J5000.200J100h===eWQ (b) Use to obtain: chQWQ+=J 400J 100J 500hc=-=-=WQQ 31 •• The working substance of an engine is 1.00 mol of a monatomic ideal gas. The cycle begins at P1 = 1.00 atm and V1 = 24.6 L. The gas is heated at constant volume to P2 = 2.00 atm. It then expands at constant pressure until its volume is 49.2 L. The gas is then cooled at constant volume until its pressure is again 1.00 atm. It is then compressed at constant pressure to its original state. All the steps are quasi-static and reversible. (a) Show this cycle on a PV diagram. For each step of the cycle, find the work done by the gas, the heat absorbed by the gas, and the change in the internal energy of the gas. (b) Find the efficiency of the cycle. Picture the Problem To find the heat added during each step we need to find the temperatures in states 1, 2, 3, and 4. We can then find the work done on the gas during each process from the area under each straight-line segment and the heat that enters the system from TCQ?=Vand .PTCQ?= We can use the 1st law of thermodynamics to find the change in internal energy for each step of the cycle. Finally, we can find the efficiency of the cycle from the work done each cycle and the heat that enters the system each cycle. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 389 (a) The cycle is shown to the right: Apply the ideal-gas law to state 1 to find T1: ()()()K300KmolatmL108.206mol1.00L24.6atm1.002111=??????··×==-nRVPT The pressure doubles while the volume remains constant between states 1 and 2. Hence: KTT600212== The volume doubles while the pressure remains constant between states 2 and 3. Hence: KTT1200223== The pressure is halved while the volume remains constant between states 3 and 4. Hence: KTT6003214== For path 1?2: 0?1212==VPW and ()kJ74.3K300K600KmolJ8.314??23122312V12=-??????·===TRTCQ Chapter 19 390 The change in the internal energy of the system as it goes from state 1 to state 2 is given by the 1st law of thermodynamics: oninint?WQE+= Because : 012=WkJ 74.3?1212int,==QE For path 2?3: ()()kJ99.4atmLJ101.325L24.6L49.2atm2.00?2323on-=??????·--=-=-=VPWW ()kJ5.12K600K1200KmolJ8.314??25232523P23=-??????·===TRTCQ Apply to obtain: oninint?WQE+= kJ 5.7kJ 99.4kJ 5.12?23 int,=-=E For path 3?4: 03434=?=VPW and ()kJ48.7K0021K600KmolJ8.314???23342334V34int,34-=-??????·====TRTCEQ Apply to obtain: oninint?WQE+= kJ 48.70kJ 48.7?34 int,-=+-=E For path 4?1: ()()kJ49.2atmLJ101.325L2.94L24.6atm1.00?4141on=??????·--=-=-=VPWW and ()kJ24.6K600K003KmolJ8.314??25412541P41-=-??????·===TRTCQ Apply to obtain: oninint?WQE+= kJ 75.3kJ 49.2kJ 24.6?41 int,-=+-=E The Second Law of Thermodynamics 391 on W in Q For easy reference, the results of the preceding calculations are summarized in the following table: Process , kJ , kJ , kJ 1?2 0 3.74 3.74 2?3 -4.99 12.5 7.5 3?4 0 -7.48 -7.48 4?1 2.49 -6.24 -3.75 (b) The efficiency of the cycle is given by: ()23124123inbyQQWWQW+-+-==e Substitute numerical values and evaluate e: %15kJ5.12kJ3.74kJ2.49kJ4.99˜+-=e Remarks: Note that the work done per cycle is the area bounded by the rectangular path. Note also that, as expected because the system returns to its initial state, the sum of the changes in the internal energy for the cycle is zero. Second Law of Thermodynamics 39 •• A refrigerator absorbs 500 J of heat from a cold reservoir and releases 800 J to a hot reservoir. Assume that the heat-engine statement of the second law of thermodynamics is false, and show how a perfect engine working with this refrigerator can violate the refrigerator statement of the second law of thermodynamics. Determine the Concept The following diagram shows an ordinary refrigerator that uses 300 J of work to remove 500 J of heat from a cold reservoir and releases 800 J of heat to a hot reservoir (see (a) in the diagram). Suppose the heat-engine statement of the second law is false. Then a ?perfect? heat engine could remove energy from the hot reservoir and convert it completely into work with 100 percent efficiency. We could use this perfect heat engine to remove 300 J of energy from the hot reservoir and do 300 J of work on the ordinary refrigerator (see (b) in the diagram). Then, the combination of the perfect heat engine and the ordinary refrigerator would be a perfect refrigerator; transferring 500 J of heat from the cold reservoir to the hot reservoir without requiring any work (see (c) in the diagram).This violates the refrigerator statement of the second law. Chapter 19 392 ???????500 JCold reservoir at temperature TcHot reservoir at temperature Th800 J300 J300 J300 JOrdinaryrefrigeratorPerfectrefrigerator500 J500 Jabc( )( )( )Perfectheatengine Carnot Cycles 41 • A Carnot engine works between two heat reservoirs at temperatures Th = 300 K and Tc = 200 K. (a) What is its efficiency? (b) If it absorbs 100 J of heat from the hot reservoir during each cycle, how much work does it do each cycle? (c) How much heat does it release during each cycle? (d) What is the COP of this engine when it works as a refrigerator between the same two reservoirs? Picture the Problem We can find the efficiency of the Carnot engine using hc/1TT-=eand the work done per cycle from./hQW=e We can apply conservation of energy to find the heat rejected each cycle from the heat absorbed and the work done each cycle. We can find the COP of the engine working as a refrigerator from its definition. (a) The efficiency of the Carnot engine depends on the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs: %3.33K300K20011hcC=-=-=TTe (b) Using the definition of efficiency, relate the work done each cycle to the heat absorbed from the hot reservoir: ()()J33.3J1000.333hC===QWe (c) Apply conservation of energy to relate the heat given off each cycle to the heat absorbed and the work done: J67J 66.7J33.3J100hc==-=-=WQQ The Second Law of Thermodynamics 393 (d) Using its definition, express and evaluate the refrigerator’s coefficient of performance: 0.2J33.3J66.7COPc===WQ 47 •• In the cycle shown in Figure 19-19, 1.00 mol of an ideal diatomic gas is initially at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 0.0ºC. The gas is heated at constant volume to T2 = 150ºC and is then expanded adiabatically until its pressure is again 1.00 atm. It is then compressed at constant pressure back to its original state. Find (a) the temperature after the adiabatic expansion, (b) the heat absorbed or released by the system during each step, (c) the efficiency of this cycle, and (d) the efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the temperature extremes of this cycle. Picture the Problem We can use the ideal-gas law for a fixed amount of gas and the equations of state for an adiabatic process to find the temperatures, volumes, and pressures at the end points of each process in the given cycle. We can use and to find the heat entering and leaving during the constant-volume and isobaric processes and the first law of thermodynamics to find the work done each cycle. Once we’ve calculated these quantities, we can use its definition to find the efficiency of the cycle and the definition of the Carnot efficiency to find the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between the extreme temperatures. TQ?=VCTQ?=PC (a) Apply the ideal-gas law for a fixed amount of gas to relate the temperature at point 3 to the temperature at point 1: 333111TVPTVP= or, because P1 = P3, 1313VVTT= (1) Apply the ideal-gas law for a fixed amount of gas to relate the pressure at point 2 to the temperatures at points 1 and 2 and the pressure at 1: 222111TVPTVP=?122112TVTVPP= Because V1 = V2: ()atm1.55K273K423atm1.001212===TTPP Apply an equation for an adiabatic process to relate the pressures and volumes at points 2 and 3: ??3311VPVP=??13113????????=PPVV Chapter 19 394 Noting that V1 = 22.4 L, evaluate V3: ()L30.6atm1atm1.55L22.41.413=????????=V Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate T3 and t3: ()K373L22.4L30.6K2733==T and C10027333°=-=Tt (b) Process 1?2 takes place at constant volume (note that ? = 1.4 corresponds to a diatomic gas and that CP – CV = R): ()kJ3.12K273K423KmolJ8.314??C25122512V12=-??????·===TRTQ Process 2?3 takes place adiabatically: 023=Q Process 3?1 is isobaric (note that CP = CV + R): ()kJ2.91K373K732KmolJ8.314??C27122731P31-=-??????·===TRTQ (c) The efficiency of the cycle is given by: inQW=e (2) Apply the first law of thermodynamics to the cycle: oninint?WQE+= or, because (the system begins and ends in the same state) and 0cycle int,=?E ingas by theonQWW=-=. Evaluating W yields: kJ0.21kJ2.910kJ3.12312312=-+=++==SQQQQW Substitute numerical values in equation (2) and evaluate e : %7.6kJ3.12kJ0.21==e The Second Law of Thermodynamics 395 (d) Express and evaluate the efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between 423 K and 273 K: 35.5%K234K73211hcC=-=-=TTe *Heat Pumps 49 • As an engineer, you are designing a heat pump that is capable of delivering heat at the rate of 20 kW to a house. The house is located where, in January, the average outside temperature is –10ºC. The temperature of the air in the air handler inside the house is to be 40ºC. (a) What is maximum possible COP for a heat pump operating between these temperatures? (b) What must the minimum power of the electric motor driving the heat pump be? (c) In reality, the COP of the heat pump will be only 60 percent of the ideal value. What is the minimum power of the electric motor when the COP is 60 percent of the ideal value? Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the COPHP and the Carnot efficiency of an engine to express the maximum efficiency of the refrigerator in terms of the reservoir temperatures. We can apply the definition of power to find the minimum power needed to run the heat pump. (a) Express the COPHP in terms of Th and Tc: chhhchchhhHP1111COPTTTTTQQQQQWQc-=-=-=-== Substitute numerical values and evaluate COPHP: 3.626.6K263K313K133COPHP==-= (b) The COPHP is also given by: motoroutHPCOPPP=? HPoutmotorCOPPP= Substitute numerical values and evaluate Pmotor: kW2.36.26kW20motor==P Chapter 19 396 (c) The minimum power of the electric motor is given by: ()maxHP,cHPcminCOPeedtdQdtdQP== where HPe is the efficiency of the heat pump. Substitute numerical values and evaluate Pmin: ()()kW3.56.2660.0kW20min==P Entropy Changes 53 • You inadvertently leave a pan of water boiling away on the hot stove. You return just in time to see the last drop converted into steam. The pan originally held 1.00 L of boiling water. What is the change in entropy of the water associated with its change of state from liquid to gas? Picture the Problem Because the water absorbed heat in the vaporization process its change in entropy is positive and given byTQSOHby absorbedOH22?=. See Table 18-2 for the latent heat of vaporization of water. The change in entropy of the water is given by: TQSOHby absorbedOH22?= The heat absorbed by the water as it vaporizes is the product of its mass and latent heat of vaporization: vvOHby absorbed2VLmLQ?== Substituting for yields: OHby absorbed2QTVLSvOH2??= Substitute numerical values and evaluate : OH2?S()KkJ05.6K 373kgkJ2257L 00.1Lkg 00.1?OH2=??????????????=S 57 •• A system completes a cycle consisting of six quasi-static steps, during which the total work done by the system is 100 J. During step 1 the system absorbs 300 J of heat from a reservoir at 300 K, during step 3 the system absorbs 200 J of heat from a reservoir at 400 K, and during step 5 it absorbs heat from a The Second Law of Thermodynamics 397 reservoir at temperature T3. (During steps 2, 4 and 6 the system undergoes adiabatic processes in which the temperature of the system changes from one reservoir’s temperature to that of the next.) (a) What is the entropy change of the system for the complete cycle? (b) If the cycle is reversible, what is the temperature T3? Picture the Problem We can use the fact that the system returns to its original state to find the entropy change for the complete cycle. Because the entropy change for the complete cycle is the sum of the entropy changes for each process, we can find the temperature T3 from the entropy changes during the 1st two processes and the heat released during the third. (a) Because S is a state function of the system, and because the system’s final state is identical to its initial state: 0?cyclecomplete 1system=S (b) Relate the entropy changes for each of the three heat reservoirs and the system for one complete cycle of the system: 0????system321=+++SSSS or 00332211=+++TQTQTQ Substitute numerical values. Heat is rejected by the two high-temperature reservoirs and absorbed by the cold reservoir: 0J400K400J200K300J3003=+-+-T Solving for T3 yields: K2673=T 61 •• A 1.00-kg block of copper at 100ºC is placed in an insulated calorimeter of negligible heat capacity containing 4.00 L of liquid water at 0.0ºC. Find the entropy change of (a) the copper block, (b) the water, and (c) the universe. Picture the Problem We can use conservation of energy to find the equilibrium temperature of the water and apply the equations for the entropy change during a constant pressure process to find the entropy changes of the copper block, the water, and the universe. Chapter 19 398 (a) Use the equation for the entropy change during a constant-pressure process to express the entropy change of the copper block: ????????=?ifCuCuCulnTTcmS (1) Apply conservation of energy to obtain: 0ii=SQ or 0waterwarmingblockcopper =+QQ Substitute to relate the masses of the block and water to their temperatures, specific heats, and the final temperature Tf of the water: ()()()()0K273KkgkJ 4.18Lkg1.00L4.00K373KkgkJ0.386kg1.00ff=-????????·??????+-????????·TT Solve for Tf to obtain: K275.26 f=T Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate: Cu?S ()KJ117K373K275.26lnKkgkJ0.386kg1.00?Cu-=????????????????·=S (b) The entropy change of the water is given by: ????????=?ifwaterwaterwaterlnTTcmS Substitute numerical values and evaluate: water?S ()KJ138K273K26.275lnKkgkJ18.4kg00.4?water=????????????????·=S (c) Substitute for and and evaluate the entropy change of the universe: Cu?Swater?S KJ12KJ138KJ117???waterCuu=+-=+=SSS Remarks: The result that ?Su > 0 tells us that this process is irreversible. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 399 Entropy and ?Lost? Work 63 •• A a reservoir at 300 K absorbs 500 J of heat from a second reservoir at 400 K. (a) What is the change in entropy of the universe, and (b) how much work is lost during the process? Picture the Problem We can find the entropy change of the universe from the entropy changes of the high- and low-temperature reservoirs. The maximum amount of the 500 J of heat that could be converted into work can be found from the maximum efficiency of an engine operating between the two reservoirs. (a) The entropy change of the universe is the sum of the entropy changes of the two reservoirs: ????????--=+-=?+?=?chchchu11TTQTQTQSSS Substitute numerical values and evaluate ?Su: ()J/K0.42K3001K4001J500?u=????????--=S (b) Relate the heat that could have been converted into work to the maximum efficiency of an engine operating between the two reservoirs: hmaxQWe= The maximum efficiency of an engine operating between the two reservoir temperatures is the efficiency of a Carnot device operating between the reservoir temperatures: hcCmax1TT-==ee Substitute for emax to obtain: hhc1QTTW????????-= Substitute numerical values and evaluate W: ()J125J500K400K3001=????????-=W Chapter 19 400 General Problems 67 • An engine absorbs 200 kJ of heat per cycle from a reservoir at 500 K and releases heat to a reservoir at 200 K. Its efficiency is 85 percent of that of a Carnot engine working between the same reservoirs. (a) What is the efficiency of this engine? (b) How much work is done in each cycle? (c) How much heat is released to the low-temperature reservoir during each cycle? Picture the Problem We can use the definition of efficiency to find the work done by the engine during each cycle and the first law of thermodynamics to find the heat released to the low-temperature reservoir during each cycle. (a) Express the efficiency of the engine in terms of the efficiency of a Carnot engine working between the same reservoirs: ????????-==hcC185.085.0TTee Substitute numerical values and evaluate e : %51510.0K500K200185.0==????????-=e (b) Use the definition of efficiency to find the work done in each cycle: ()()MJ0.10kJ 102kJ200.5100h====QWe (c) Apply the first law of thermodynamics to the cycle to obtain: kJ89kJ021kJ002cycleh,cyclec,=-=-=WQQ 73 •• (a) Which of these two processes is more wasteful? (1) A block moving with 500 J of kinetic energy being slowed to rest by sliding (kinetic) friction when the temperature of the environment is 300 K, or (2) A reservoir at 400 K releasing 1.00 kJ of heat to a reservoir at 300 K? Explain your choice. Hint: How much of the 1.00 kJ of heat could be converted into work by an ideal cyclic process? (b) What is the change in entropy of the universe for each process? Picture the Problem All 500 J of mechanical energy are lost, i.e., transformed into heat in process (1). For process (2), we can find the heat that would be converted to work by a Carnot engine operating between the given temperatures and subtract that amount of work from 1.00 kJ to find the energy that is lost. In Part (b) we can use its definition to find the change in entropy for each process. (a) For process (2): inCrecoveredmax,2QWWe== The Second Law of Thermodynamics 401 The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between temperatures Th and Tc is given by: hcC1TT-=e and hence inhcrecovered1QTTW????????-= Substitute forCeto obtain: ()J250kJ1.00K 400K 3001recovered=??????-=W or 750 J are lost. Process (1) produces more waste heat. Process (2) is more wasteful of available work. (b) Find the change in entropy of the universe for process (1): J/K1.67K300J500??1===TQS Express the change in entropy of the universe for process (2): ????????-?=?+?-=?+?=?hcchch211TTQTQTQSSS Substitute numerical values and evaluate ?S2: ()J/K833.0K4001K3001kJ1.00?2=????????-=S 75 •• A heat engine that does the work of blowing up a balloon at a pressure of 1.00 atm absorbs 4.00 kJ from a reservoir at 120ºC. The volume of the balloon increases by 4.00 L, and heat is released to a reservoir at a temperature Tc, where Tc < 120ºC. If the efficiency of the heat engine is 50% of the efficiency of a Carnot engine working between the same two reservoirs, find the temperature Tc. Picture the Problem We can express the temperature of the cold reservoir as a function of the Carnot efficiency of an ideal engine and, given that the efficiency of the heat engine is half that of a Carnot engine, relate Tc to the work done by and the heat input to the real heat engine. Using its definition, relate the efficiency of a Carnot engine working between the same reservoirs to the temperature of the cold reservoir: hcC1TT-=e?()Chc1e-=TT Chapter 19 402 Relate the efficiency of the heat engine to that of a Carnot engine working between the same temperatures: C21inee==QW? inC2QW=e Substitute for Ceto obtain: ????????-=inhc21QWTT The work done by the gas in expanding the balloon is: ()()Latm4.00L4.00atm1.00?·===VPW Substitute numerical values and evaluate Tc: ()K313kJ4.00LatmJ101.325Latm4.0021K393c=??????????????????·×·-=T 79 •• In a heat engine, 2.00 mol of a diatomic gas are carried through the cycle ABCDA shown in Figure 19-21. (The PV diagram is not drawn to scale.) The segment AB represents an isothermal expansion, the segment BC an adiabatic expansion. The pressure and temperature at A are 5.00 atm and 600 K. The volume at B is twice the volume at A. The pressure at D is 1.00 atm. (a) What is the pressure at B? (b) What is the temperature at C? (c) Find the total work done by the gas in one cycle. Picture the Problem We can use the ideal-gas law to find the unknown temperatures, pressures, and volumes at points B, C, and D. We can then find the work done by the gas and the efficiency of the cycle by using the expressions for the work done on or by the gas and the heat that enters the system for the various thermodynamic processes of the cycle. (a) Apply the ideal-gas law for a fixed amount of gas to the isothermal process AB to find the pressure at B: ()kPa253kPa253.3atm1kPa101.325atm2.502atm00.5AABAAB==×===VVVVPP The Second Law of Thermodynamics 403 (b) Apply the ideal-gas law for a fixed amount of gas to the adiabatic process BC to express the temperature at C: BBCCBCVPVPTT= (1) Use the ideal-gas law to find the volume of the gas at B: ()()L39.39kPa253.3K600KmolJ8.314mol2.00BBB=??????·==PnRTV Use the equation of state for an adiabatic process and ? = 1.4 to find the volume occupied by the gas at C: ()L75.78atm1.00atm2.50L39.391.411CBBC=????????=????????=?PPVV Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate TC: ()()()()( K462L39.39atm2.50L75.78atm1.00K600C==T (c) The work done by the gas in one cycle is given by: DACDBCABWWWWW+++= The work done during the isothermal expansion AB is: ()()kJ6.915V2VlnK600KmolJ8.314mol2.00lnAAABAAB=??????????????·=????????=VVnRTW The work done during the adiabatic expansion BC is: ()()kJ5.737K006K624KmolJ8.314mol2.00??25BC25BCVBC=-??????·-=-=-=TnRTCW Chapter 19 404 The work done during the isobaric compression CD is: ()()()kJ5.680LatmJ101.325Latm56.09L75.78L19.7atm1.00CDCCD-=·×·-=-=-=VVPW Express and evaluate the work done during the constant-volume process DA: 0DA=W Substitute numerical values and evaluate W: kJ97.6kJ972.60kJ5.680kJ5.737kJ915.6==+-+=W 83 ••• A common practical cycle, often used in refrigeration, is the Brayton cycle, which involves (1) an adiabatic compression, (2) an isobaric (constant pressure) expansion,(3) an adiabatic expansion, and (4) an isobaric compression back to the original state. Assume the system begins the adiabatic compression at temperature T1, and transitions to temperatures T2, T3 and T4 after each leg of the cycle. (a) Sketch this cycle on a PV diagram. (b) Show that the efficiency of the overall cycle is given by e=1-T4-T1()T3-T2(. (c) Show that this efficiency, can be written as e=1-r1-?()?, where r is the pressure ratio Phigh/Plow of the maximum and minimum pressures in the cycle. Picture the Problem The efficiency of the cycle is the ratio of the work done to the heat that flows into the engine. Because the adiabatic transitions in the cycle do not have heat flow associated with them, all we must do is consider the heat flow in and out of the engine during the isobaric transitions. (a) The Brayton heat engine cycle is shown to the right. The paths 1?2 and 3?4 are adiabatic. Heat Qh enters the gas during the isobaric transition from state 2 to state 3 and heat Qc leaves the gas during the isobaric transition from state 4 to state 1. 1234PV??hQcQ The Second Law of Thermodynamics 405 (b) The efficiency of a heat engine is given by: inchinQQQQW-==e (1) During the constant-pressure expansion from state 1 to state 2 heat enters the system: ()23PPh23?TTnCTnCQQ-=== During the constant-pressure compression from state 3 to state 4 heat enters the system: ()41PPc41?TTnCTnCQQ--=-=-= Substituting in equation (1) and simplifying yields: ()( ()()()()()()()231423412323P41P23P1TTTTTTTTTTTTnCTTnCTTnC---=--+-=-----=e (c) Given that, for an adiabatic transition, , use the ideal-gas law to eliminate V and obtain: constant 1=-?TV constant 1=-??PT Let the pressure for the transition from state 1 to state 2 be Plow and the pressure for the transition from state 3 to state 4 be Phigh. Then for the adiabatic transition from state 1 to state 2: 1high21low1--=????PTPT?21highlow1TPPT??-????????= Similarly, for the adiabatic transition from state 3 to state 4: 31highlow4TPPT??-????????= Subtract T1 from T4 and simplify to obtain: ()231highlow21highlow31highlow14TTPPTPPTPPTT-????????=????????-????????=----?????? Chapter 19 406 Dividing both sides of the equation by T3 - T2 yields: ??1highlow2314-????????=--PPTTTT Substitute in the result of Part (b) and simplify to obtain: ()??????e----=????????-=????????-=11lowhigh1highlow111rPPPP where lowhighPPr= 89 ••• The English mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) once said that if a million monkeys were given a million typewriters and typed away at random for a million years, they would produce all of Shakespeare’s works. Let us limit ourselves to the following fragment of Shakespeare (Julius Caesar III:ii): Friends, Romans, countrymen! Lend me your ears. I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do lives on after them, The good is oft interred with the bones. So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus hath told you that Caesar was ambitious, And, if so, it were a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answered it . . . Even with this small fragment, it will take a lot longer than a million years! By what factor (roughly speaking) was Russell in error? Make any reasonable assumptions you want. (You can even assume that the monkeys are immortal.) Picture the Problem There are 26 letters and four punctuation marks (space, comma, period, and exclamation point) used in the English language, disregarding capitalization, so we have a grand total of 30 characters to choose from. This fragment is 330 characters (including spaces) long; there are then 30330 different possible arrangements of the character set to form a fragment this long. We can use this number of possible arrangements to express the probability that one monkey will write out this passage and then an estimate of a monkey’s typing speed to approximate the time required for one million monkeys to type the passage from Shakespeare. Assuming the monkeys type at random, express the probability P that one monkey will write out this passage: 330301=P The Second Law of Thermodynamics 407 Use the approximation 5.110100030=˜ to obtain: ()()4954953305.110101101-===P Assuming the monkeys can type at a rate of 1 character per second, it would take about 330 s to write a passage of length equal to the quotation from Shakespeare. Find the time T required for a million monkeys to type this particular passage by accident: ()()()y10s103.16y1s1030.31010s33048474916495˜????????××==T Express the ratio of T to Russell’s estimate: 4786484Russell10y10y10==TT or Russell47810TT˜ Chapter 19 408

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse A
• Subjects

---

---

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.