Hi! Good afternoon teachers...! I need a help with this first question. Tomorrow

Question

Hi! Good afternoon teachers...! I need a help with this first question.
Tomorrow I have exam and I have to use arduino and show my works. But I was not able to understand what "analog wire function" and meaning of 8-bit 10bit....and stuff. Please explain me what I have to do on this question. Thank you!!
1. 15 PTs) Determine the sensitivity for both the analog read and analog write functions using ine 2. 15 PTs] Design a circuit to output an analog voltage signal using an appropriate output pin on the Arduino. Explain what is meant by 8-bit and 10-bit systems and how that affects the sensitivity Arduino. Use this output pin to control the brightness of an LED while making sure that the current through the LED does not exceed 20 mA. 110 PTS] Design a circuit to read an input from a voltage divider. You will design a circuit with the appropriate voltage and resistance to allow maximum sensitivity on the input pin of the Arduino. Make sure to design a circuit with appropriate resistors to avoid drawing too high a current. These are possible situations for the input signal. In all cases you would need to determine the circuit and how to read the voltage. 3. Read a changing voltage caused by a potentiometer. Read a changing voltage caused by a photo-resistor. c. Read a changing voltage caused by a thermocouple a. b. Build your circuit. 15m] Demonstrate to the instructor how your circuit operates. [5PTs] Use an oscilloscope to measure voltages. 4. [5PTs] Modify your circuit as asked by your instructor. [5 PT, Modify your program as asked by your instructor

Explanation / Answer

Since your have asked Question 1 then only the first question will be discussed below:

Let us start by taking an analogy: If you were asked to fill a plastic bottle with marbles then even after filling it completely , there will be spaces inside the bottle. Similarly if asked to fill with bigger cubes then may end up with more empty spaces in bottle. If asked to repeat the same with sand then there will be litterally no space left vacant inside the bottle. Here the point is smaller the objet used as a filler better packing will be achieved.

Now a 8 bit processor can represent a analog voltage with typically 8 bits. Hence assume if max voltage is 5 v then its equivalent in binary will be "11111111" and "00000000" may represent 0 V. Now if we measure number of level a 8 bit representation will produce is 28 = 256. Hence the lowest possible voltage that can be represented by 8 bit system is (5-0)V/28 = 19.531225 mV. Hence there is no possibilty to represent analog voltage / voltage change less than 19.5 mV. No. of levels will be typically (2N - 1), as 0V uses one valid state = 00000000.

Now the resolution of the ADC / DAC system will be better if N is large. Hence 10 bits will be better to detect smallest voltage change compared to 8 bit.

Arduino comprises of 10 bit ADC and it represents analog voltage between the range of 0V to 5V by 210 = 1024 (0 to 1023) levels which gives sensitivity of 4.9 mV.

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