3. Questlon 3: (20 marks) . Provide (very) short answers to the following questi

Question

3. Questlon 3: (20 marks) . Provide (very) short answers to the following questions: i. Name 4 physical effects contribute to the voltage generated in a thermal couple. ii. Why standards and calibration are required in instrumentations? iii. List intrinsic noise sources in instrumentation circuits. How to protect circuits from extrinsic noise? What are the benefits and what are the drawbacks in using digital instrumentations? Draw a block diagram for a remote temperature measuring system using thermistor as a sensing element and current temperature is sent over the internet to the users. iv. v. b. A capacitive displacement sensor is calibrated using the bridge network below. The bridge is balanced when the input frequency is adjusted to 8MHz. Find displacement ,x, of the sensor. It is known that the sensor has a capacitance of C , where blcm d-0.1 mm, and °-8.8542x 10"2 F/m. E-10V f 8MHz 1.2HH sensor

Explanation / Answer

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Since there are multiple questions asked, I will answer only the first question (the first 4 sub parts)

i) Four physical effects that cause voltage generated in a thermocouple are: a) Conduction of heat through a metal b) Movement of electrons due to the same conduction c) Movement of electrons generating electric current and d) The electric current resulting in a potential difference across the two ends of the thermocouple. The sum total of these four effects is called the Seebeck effect.

ii) In instrumentation a wide variety of sensors and meters are used for measuring and recording various physical phenomena. Standards and calibrations ensure that these meters and sensors can be applied in any instrumentation systems without generally worrying about their interface difficulties. If this was not the case, then special adapters would be required for plugging in any sensor or meter into a new instrumentaion system.

iii) The various intrinsic noise sources in instrumentation circuits are: a) Thermal noise b) Contact noise c) Shot noise. Circuits can be protected from extrinsic noise by keeping them as far away as possible from the sources of noise, and also by designing reject filters at appropriate stages in the interumentation circuit.

iv) Digital instrumentaion has the following benefits: a) Allows usage of computers and processors, where functionality can be implemented by code rather than hardware b) Allows storage of data for later interpretation. They also suffer from the following disadvantages: a) They suffer from quantisation error b) Usage of conversion circuits like ADC and DAC may mean that the entire system becomes more expensive than the analog counterpart

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