Lewis Securities Inc. has decided to acquire a new market data and quotation sys

Question

Lewis Securities Inc. has decided to acquire a new market data and quotation system for

its Richmond home office. The system receives current market prices and other information

from several online data services and then either displays the information on a screen

or stores it for later retrieval by the firm’ s brokers. The system also permits customers to

call up current quotes on terminals in the lobby.

The equipment costs $1,000,000 and, if it were purchased, Lewis could obtain a term

loan for the full purchase price at a 10% interest rate. Although the equipment has a 6-

year useful life, it is classified as a special-purpose computer and therefore falls into the

MACRS 3-year class. If the system were purchased, a 4-year maintenance contract could

be obtained at a cost of $20,000 per year, payable at the beginning of each year. The

equipment would be sold after 4 years, and the best estimate of its residual value is

$200,000. However, because real-time display system technology is changing rapidly, the

actual residual value is uncertain.

As an alternative to the borrow-and-buy plan, the equipment manufacturer

informed Lewis that Consolidated Leasing would be willing to write a 4-year guideline

lease on the equipment, including maintenance, for payments of $260,000 at the

beginning of each year. Lewis’ s marginal federal-plus-state tax rate is 40%.

You have been asked to analyze the lease-versus-purchase decision and, in the process, to

answer the following questions.

a. (1) Who are the two parties to a lease transaction?

(2) What are the five primary types of leases, and what are their characteristics?

(3) How are leases classified for tax purposes?

(4) What effect does leasing have on a firm’ s balance sheet?

(5) What effect does leasing have on a firm’ s capital structure?

b. (1) What is the present value cost of owning the equipment? (Hint:  Set up a time line

that shows the net cash flows over the period t = 0 to t = 4, and then find the PV

of these net cash flows, or the PV cost of owning.)

(2) Explain the rationale for the discount rate you used to find the PV.

c. What is Lewis’ s present value cost of leasing the equipment? (Hint:  Again, construct a

time line.)

d. What is the net advantage to leasing (NAL)? Does your analysis indicate that Lewis

should buy or lease the equipment? Explain.

e. Now assume that the equipment’ s residual value could be as low as $0 or as high as

$400,000, but $200,000 is the expected value. Because the residual value is riskier than

the other relevant cash flows, this differential risk should be incorporated into the

analysis. Describe how this could be accomplished. (No calculations are necessary, but

explain how you would modify the analysis if calculations were required.) What effect

would the residual value’ s increased uncertainty have on Lewis’ s lease-versuspurchase

decision?

f. The lessee compares the cost of owning the equipment with the cost of leasing it. Now

put yourself in the lessor’ s shoes. In a few sentences, how should you analyze the

decision to write or not to write the lease?

g. (1) Assume that the lease payments were actually $280,000 per year, that

Consolidated Leasing is also in the 40% tax bracket, and that it also forecasts

a $200,000 residual value. Also, to furnish the maintenance support,

Consolidated would have to purchase a maintenance contract from the

manufacturer at the same $20,000 annual cost, again paid in advance.

Consolidated Leasing can obtain an expected 10% pre-tax return on

investments of similar risk. What would be Consolidated’ s NPV and IRR of

leasing under these conditions?

(2) What do you think the lessor’ s NPV would be if the lease payment were set at

$260,000 per year? (Hint:  The lessor’ s cash flows would be a “ mirror image”  of

the lessee’ s cash flows.)

h. Lewis’ s management has been considering moving to a new downtown location, and

they are concerned that these plans may come to fruition prior to the equipment

lease’ s expiration. If the move occurs then Lewis would buy or lease an entirely new

set of equipment, so management would like to include a cancellation clause in the

lease contract. What effect would such a clause have on the riskiness of the lease from

Lewis’ s standpoint? From the lessor’ s standpoint? If you were the lessor, would you

insist on changing any of the other lease terms if a cancellation clause were added?

Should the cancellation clause contain provisions similar to call premiums or any

restrictive covenants and/or penalties of the type contained in bond indentures?

Explain your answer.

Explanation / Answer

As per Chegg policy i am amswering the first question with 5 subparts

Please repost for the rest

a-1.The two parties are the lessee, who uses the asset, and the lessor, who owns the asset.

a-2.
The five primary types of leases are operating, financial, sale and leaseback, combination, and synthetic.  
An operating lease, sometimes called a service lease, provides for both financing and maintenance. Generally, the operating lease contract is written for a period considerably shorter than the expected life of the leased equipment, and contains a cancellation clause.  
A financial lease does not provide for maintenance service, is not cancelable, and is fully amortized; that is, the lease covers the entire expected life of the equipment. In a sale and leaseback arrangement, the firm owning the property sells it to another firm, often a financial institution, while simultaneously entering into an agreement to lease the prop¬erty back from the firm
A sale and leaseback can be thought of as a type of financial lease.
A combination lease combines some aspects of both operating and financial leases. For example, a financial lease which contains a cancellation clause--normally associated with operating leases--is a combination lease.  
In a leveraged lease, the lessor borrows a portion of the funds needed to buy the equipment to be leased.
A synthetic lease is created when a company creates a special purpose entity (SPE) that borrows and then purchases an asset (usually a long-term asset) and leases it back to the company. The company guarantees the SPE’s debt, and enters into an operating lease with it. This arrangement has been used to avoid capitalizing the lease and therefore reporting it as a liability. Although the company has a liability—it has guaranteed the SPE’s debt—it doesn’t report the liability. And since the lease is an operating lease, it doesn’t capitalize it and report the lease payments as a liability and the asset as an asset.  

a-3 A guideline lease is a lease that meets all of the IRS requirements for a genuine lease. A guideline lease is often called a tax-oriented lease. If a lease meets the IRS guidelines, the IRS allows the lessor to deduct the asset’s depreciation and allows the lessee to deduct the lease payments.

a-4 If the lease is classified as a capital lease, it is shown directly on the balance sheet. If it is an operating lease, it is only listed in the footnotes.

a-5 Leasing is a substitute for debt financing, so leasing increases a firm’s financial leverage.

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