Exam 3 Study Guide N255 updated.doc Download Exam 3 Study Guide N255 updated.doc

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Exam 3 Study Guide N255 updated.doc Download Exam 3 Study Guide N255 updated.doc (34 KB) Page > of 3 ZooM + 2 Chanter . Major functions of iron in the body (minimum of 3); rich food sources; what is . Side effects of iron toxicity; what is the genetic condition leading to toxicity . What trace mineral relies on "enteropancreatic circulation" What are the 3 . What are the two genetic disorders associated with copper? the difference between heme and non-heme iron? known as? proteins involved in the absorption of this mineral? What condition can an iodine deficiency cause? What is the most common source of dietary iodine? * Previous

Explanation / Answer

Ques 1a: what are the function of iron in the body? rich food sources

Answer 1a

Ques 4 what are the two genetic disorder associted with copper?

Answer 4: The two most widely studied genetic maladies in humans are Menkes' and Wilson's diseases. Menkes' disease is an X-linked fatal disorder in which copper accumulates in some organs (intestine and kidney) and is low in others (liver and brain). Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disorder in which copper accumulates, if untreated, in liver and subsequently in brain and kidney. Pathophysiological consequences of copper deficiency and toxicity characterize these two disorders.

Seafood: Fish, Mussels, Shellfish,

Vegetables: Greens vegetable ( all kinds), Tofu, Broccoli, Sweet Peas, Brussel Sprouts, Kale, Bean, Sprouts, Tomatoes, Lima Beans, Potatoes, Green Beans, Corn, Beets, Cabbage.

Ques 1b: Difference between heme and non-heme iron:

Plant foods are definitely different from animal foods when it comes to their iron content. In animal foods, iron is often attached to proteins called heme proteins and referred to as heme iron. In plant foods, iron is not attached to heme proteins and is classified as non-heme iron. Heme iron is typically absorbed at a rate of 7-35%. Non-heme iron is typically absorbed at a rate of 2-20%. You can see that even though there is better overall absorption of heme iron, there is also a fairly large range for absorption regardless of the iron form involved. This absorption range is large because iron absorption is influenced by many different factors. For example, our bodies absorb more iron when we are iron deficient, and they cut back on iron absorption when plenty of iron is already available. Dietary factors are among the many factors that affect iron absorption. However, dietary factors appear to play a greater role in non-heme iron absorption from plant foods than they do in heme iron absorption from animal foods.

Question 2a: Side effect of Iron toxicity?

Answer 2a: Iron Toxicity -- Early Symptoms

There are 4 stages of acute iron toxicity, which is usually the result of an iron overdose. The first stage happens when iron is still present in the stomach and circulating in the blood. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The lining of the intestine can become damaged, leading to blood in the vomit or stool. Irritability and lethargy may also occur. If the toxicity is severe, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure and rapid breathing may develop. As the body loses fluid and blood, a person may go into shock, in which the heart is unable to pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body. According to the Merck Manual Professional Edition, if shock and coma develop within the first 6 hours after iron ingestion, there is a 10 percent chance of dying.

Acute Iron Toxicity -- Late Symptoms

People who survive the first stage of acute iron toxicity may appear to improve for a while. This latent period is the second stage and can happen within 6 to 48 hours of an iron overdose. However, if the iron overdose was moderate or severe, symptoms will reappear as iron causes direct damage to the body's cells. Symptoms of the third stage of iron toxicity include low blood pressure, fever and seizures. Liver failure may occur, causing low blood sugar, excessive or prolonged bleeding and jaundice -- yellowish eyes and skin. It is rare for people with such severe iron toxicity to survive, but those who do enter the fourth stage. During this stage, the intestines may become blocked due to scarring, which prevents fluids and food from moving through the digestive tract.

Chronic Iron Toxicity

Chronic iron toxicity, also known as iron overload, has a variety of causes. Iron overload may also be caused by repeated blood transfusions to treat anemia, excessive iron therapy or liver disease due to chronic hepatitis C or alcoholism. As excessive iron accumulates in the body, it may result in liver or heart failure, as well as severe diabetes. Heart failure can cause swelling of the legs, shortness of breath, trouble exercising, fatigue, fast or irregular heartbeat and nausea. Diabetes symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger, fatigue, blurry vision, numbness or tingling in the arms or legs and slow wound healing.

Ques 2b: what is the genetic condition leading to iron toxicity known as ?

Answer 2b: Juvenile hemochromatosis is classified as an iron overload disorder. It is a separate, distinct disorder from classic hereditary hemochromatosis. Hereditary hemochromatosis is caused by a mutation in a gene that controls the amount of iron your body absorbs from the food you eat. These mutations are passed from parents to children. This type of hemochromatosis is by far the most common type Hereditary hemochromatosis causes your body to absorb too much iron from the food you eat. Excess iron is stored in your organs, especially your liver, heart and pancreas. Too much iron can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as liver disease, heart problems and diabetes.

Ques 3: what Trace mineral relies on Enteropancreatic Circulation: what are the protein involved in the absorption of the mineral

Answer 3: Zinc is the trace mineral having an important role in Enteropancreatic Circulation. Enteropancreatic circulation of zinc - circulation of zinc from the pancreas to the intestine and back to the pancreas.

Zn is transported through the blood by albumin and transferrin protein that involve in absorption of Zinc during Enteropancreatic Circulation.

Ques 5 what condition can an iodine deficiency cause? food source.

Answer 5 Iodine is an element that is needed for the production of thyroid hormone. The body does not make iodine, so it is an essential part of your diet. Iodine is found in various foods (see Table 1). If you do not have enough iodine in your body, you cannot make enough thyroid hormone. You need a certain amount of iodine in your body in order for it to make a chemical known as thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone controls your metabolism and other important body functions. Low levels of iodine are not the only cause of low thyroid function.Thus, iodine deficiency can lead to enlargement of the thyroid (goiter – see Goiter brochure), hypothyroidism (see Hypothyroidism brochure) and to mental retardation in infants and children whose mothers were iodine deficient during pregnancy.

Iodine deficiency is best corrected by a healthy diet. If your diet alone is not supplying enough iodine, you may want to consider adding an iodine supplement. People who may not be getting enough iodine through food often include:

Your body doesn’t naturally make iodine, so the only way to get this nutrient is through your diet. Adults typically require 150 micrograms (mcg) per day. Pregnant and breastfeeding women need 200 mcg per day. Iodine is found in many types of foods.

It’s most concentrated in foods like:

Fish, eggs, nuts, meats, bread, dairy products, seaweed, iodized table salt

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