3. (25 pts) Short answers-Individual Activity a) The completion of the Human Gen

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3. (25 pts) Short answers-Individual Activity a) The completion of the Human Genome Project in less than the number of years projected was the development of new and the advancement in technologies-automated laboratory techniques and high through-put computers. Sequencers were a major that then and now advances genomic sciences and their translation into a variety of medical applications. Answer the following: i. What does it mean to sequence DNA? i. What is the initial laboratory experiment that served as the basis of sequencing technology? Who developed it? There are several generations of sequences? What is the latest version and how does it basically work? ili. Discuss how has the understanding of the classical Central Dogma roles of DNA and RNA been modified or refined as a result of the "new genetics" of the 21t Century? (e.g., Discuss the roles of microRNAs, RNAi, histones, epigenetics, etc.) Define exon and intron. How can "20,000 human genes provide the instructions for making hundreds of thousands of different proteins? What does SNP stand for? How are SNPs named? b) c) d)

Explanation / Answer

1) DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.This is very important as it provides ways to treat ,cure or prevents diseases that effect humans.

2)The first method for determining DNA sequences involved a location-specific primer extension strategy established by Ray Wu at Cornell University in 1970. DNA polymerase catalysis and specific nucleotide labeling, both of which figure prominently in current sequencing schemes, were used to sequence the cohesive ends of lambda phage DNA.Between 1970 and 1973, Wu, R Padmanabhan and colleagues demonstrated that this method can be employed to determine any DNA sequence using synthetic location-specific primers. Frederick Sanger then adopted this primer-extension strategy to develop more rapid DNA sequencing methods at the MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK and published a method for "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors" in 1977. Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard also developed sequencing methods, including one for "DNA sequencing by chemical degradation". In 1973, Gilbert and Maxam reported the sequence of 24 basepairs using a method known as wandering-spot analysis.

3) There are various methods developed to sequence DNA like chain termination methods,maxum gillbert sequencing,denovo sequencing,Short gun sequencing,Bridge PCR etc.

The latest version i believe is the "Next generation Sequencing or high throughput sequencing".It uses all the latest technologies of

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