Questions: 1. What is cancer? How does it occur? a. Distinguish between cancer a

Question

Questions:

1. What is cancer?   How does it occur?

   a. Distinguish between cancer and tumor. Sarcoma vs Adenocarcinoma.

2.  What are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?   Give a specific example (name) of each.

3.  In general, how does the immune system respond to cancer?  

4.    Why does radiation therapy often lead to hair loss and skin problems?

5.    Discuss the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) in the treatment of chronic pain

6.  Describe several ways cancer/cancer cells evade the immune system

7. In the past decade, many investigations recorded heightened interest in immunotherapy      

       a. What is immunotherapy?   

b.   Imagine you are an immunologist presented with the task of using immunotherapy for Dexter’s           

      cancer.   Devise an experimental plan for course of treatment.

Explanation / Answer

1. Cancer: A group of diseases characterised by abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells with a chance to spread to other parts of the body.

Characteristics of cancer:

How does it occur: The mutations in DNA are the primary contributors to the development of cancer. These mutations can be environmental or genetics. The environmental causes include:

Adenocarcinoma: Originates from epithelium.

Sarcoma: Originates from connective tissue.

2) Oncogenes: Genes that promote cell divisions and growth when activated. Mutation activates the genes. Ex: Ras, Wnt

Tumour suppressor genes: Genes that suppress cell division and growth when activated. Mutations deactivates the genes. Ex: p53

Tumour Cancer Abnormal growth of cells uncontrolled division of abnormal cells Can be benign or malignant Malignant More differentiated poorly differentiated

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