The patient is a 64 year old white male with type 2 diabetes and high blood pres

Question

The patient is a 64 year old white male with type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure who has had a heart attack and stroke. His past positive medical and nutritional history reveals a smoker with a diet of processed foods that you would find in the middle of the grocery store and fast food restaurants such as McDonalds, Burger King, etc.

- Outline the progression of the patient that led to diabetes, high blood pressure and to his heart attack and stroke.

- Include all steps regarding Atherosclerosis and inflammation. Also include Omega 3 and Omega 6 oil pathways as a part of your discussion.

- Be specific regarding the details of how things developed. Put things together in an organized manner. Word limit is 1000 words.

Explanation / Answer

in the question itself, it is clear that, a person has a smoking history and has developed type-2 diabetes and has heart problems too. let's get into the point one-by-one.

let's find out first what happens to your body when you smoke:

smoking is one of the major causes of CVD(cardio vascular disease). when you smoke,

The exact mechanism for why smoking will increase the danger of diabetes and deteriorates glucose physiological condition has not been totally elucidated, however the obtainable proof shows that smoking will increase insulin resistance.in healthy young men, acute smoking showed an exaggerated insulin resistance. Smokers had a considerably enhanced equilibrium model assessment insulin resistance index an hour after smoking. The smoking reduced insulin-mediated glucose uptake by 100% to four-hundredth in men who smoked compared with non-smoking men. In sort two diabetic subjects, insulin and C-peptide responses to the oral glucose load were considerably higher in smokers than non-smokers and also the insulin resistance, as determined by the euglycemic clamp technique, was completely correlative during a dose-dependent manner. so smoking-induced insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In addition to hyperbolic insulin resistance, smoking conjointly showed dyslipidemia vulnerable to coronary-artery disease.There are several studies showing that smoking has harmful effects on patients with diabetes. Smoking will increase diabetic incidence and aggravates glucose equilibrium and chronic diabetic complications. In microvascular complications, the onset and progression of diabetic renal disorder is extremely related to smoking. In macrovascular complications, smoking is related to a 2 to 3 times higher incidence of CHD and mortality.

ARTHEROSCLEROSIS AND INFLAMMATION :

Atherosclerosis may be a condition wherever the arteries become narrowed and hardened owing to a buildup of plaque round the artery wall. it's additionally called sclerosis vascular disease.The malady disrupts the flow of blood round the body, posing the danger of great complications.

Diabetes is yet one more risk issue for arterial sclerosis of growing importance. The symptom related to diabetes will cause modification of macromolecules, for instance, by forming advanced glycation end product (AGE). By binding surface receptors like RAGE (receptor for AGE), these AGE-modified proteins will augment the assembly of unhealthy cytokines and alternative inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelial cells. on the far side the hyperglycemia, the diabetic state promotes oxidative stress mediate by reactive oxygen species and carbonyl groups. As within the case of high blood pressure, inflammation links diabetes to arterial sclerosis.

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