1. What is translation (in BIOLOGY)? What molecules provide the guidance informa

Question

1. What is translation (in BIOLOGY)? What molecules provide the guidance information to synthesize proteins in this process? Why is the process is called TRANSLATION?

2. For those protein- or peptide- encoding genes, how many nucleotides encode one amino acid? What exactly does codon and anticodon mean? About how many different codons and protein-coding amino acids can we find in organisms? Do different organisms use the same set of genetic codes or largely different sets?

3. What codon is used as start codon, which amino acid does it encode? What codons are used for stop codons?

4. What are the three major steps in transcription? What segments on DNA molecules are critical for transcription to start and to finish? How do you know what base will be added to the newly synthesized RNA strand?

5. What is an mRNA? What sequence will appear in mature mRNA, the introns or the exons? Does prokaryotic cells have introns in general? What does the splicing process do to make the mature mRNA?

6. What modifications will be done for the 5’ head and the 3’ end of mRNA?

7. What is the function of tRNA? How the structural aspects of tRNA (the “L” shape, the key components anticodon and amino acid carrying arms) links the function of tRNA?

8. What molecules catalyze the peptide bond formation between amino acids? Where are P site and A site located, large or small subunit? What type of RNAs do ribosomes contain in their structure?

9. What molecules are involved in the translation initiation? What codons help the start and the termination of translation? Which site does the start tRNA occupy in the initiation process? How the peptide is elongated in 3-step cycles? What happens when the ribosomes read a stop codon?

10. What is a mutation? What are the consequences of single nucleotide mutation at the DNA level and protein level? What does mutagenesis mean? What type of mutagens can we see in daily life?

11. What is a virus? What structural components can be found in viruses?

12. What are lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle of a bacteriophage? Which one has the slower pace of phage replication? What is a prophage?

Explanation / Answer

1- translation is process of formation of protein from mrna. Mrna help in guidance mechanism for the process. Translation is called so because the bases on mrna are translated by trna in form of codon and a particular amino acid for that codon will join to form chain of aminoacid .

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