11. People with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are generally not ketosi
ID: 267947 • Letter: 1
Question
11. People with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are generally not ketosis prone. This is thought to be a result of:
a. the lack of increase in glucagons in the se individuals
b. the presence of insulin in the individuals
c. their obesity
d. the fact that, their blood glucose levels do not tend to rise significantly.
12. Metabolic actions of insulin include all of the following except:
a. increased glycogenesis
b. decreased gluconeogenesis
c. increased basal metabolic rate
d. increased skeletal muscle amino acid up-take
e. all of the above are metabolic actions of insulin
13. The hormone least likely to be diabetogenic in excess is:
a. cortisol
b. GH
c. hCG
d. hPL
14. A patient has hypercortisolism, and the MRI results indicate that there is hyperplasia of the right adrenal but the left adrenal appears smaller than normal. What does this generally indicate about the origin of the adrenal disorder?
a. the adrenal hyperfunction most likely results from a secondary or tertiary disorder producing pituitary ACTH hypersecretion.
b. the adrenal hyperfunction is most likely a result of an ACTH-secreting nonadrenal tumor.
c. the adrenal hyperfunction is most likely a primary disorder resulting from malfunction of the adrenal gland.
d. the hypercortisolism is probably not a result of an adrenal disorder but rather is the result of exogenous administration of glucocorticoids.
15. Which of the following cause-and-effect relationships is correct?
a. weight gain in Cushing’s syndrome is a result of the lipogenic action of cortisol.
b. a person with adrenal insufficiency has difficulty excreting a water load in a normal period of time because of the actions of aldosterone on sodium and hence water reabsorption.
c. anemia occurs in Addison’s disease because of the action of cortisol on GI iron absorption and on erythropoetin release.
d. skin darkening in Addison’s disease individuals indicates that the site of the disorder is in the pituitary rather than the adrenal.
e. synthetic glucocorticoids are useful in the treatment of arthritis because they stimulate bone growth.
16. In humans, total adrenalectomy is fatal without replacement therapy whereas hypophysectomy is not. This is because after hypophysectomy:
a. the adrenal cortex undergoes compensatory hypertrophy
b. the adrenal catecholamines compensate for the metabolic actions of cortisol
c. the secretion of aldosterone is not markedly decreased.
d. tissue requirements for corticosteroids decrease markedly.
e. all of the above
17. Factors that increase serum cortisol concentrations include all of the following except:
a. stress
b. eating a high-carbohydrate meal
c. pregnancy
d. exercise
e. all of the above
18. A 72-year-old man is suffering from nocturia, difficulty with urination, including decreased flow, and inability to completely empty the bladder. The prostate is symmetrically enlarged, nontender, and smooth. The predominant androgen associated with this enlargement is:
a. DHEA
b. androstenediole
c. testosterone
d. DHT
e. androsterone
f. a and c
19. Which of the following is true regarding the determinants of sexual development:
a. the presence of the gene for HY antigen on the Y chromosome determines whether a testis develops from the gonadal ridge.
b. the presence of MIS determines whether the Wolffian ducts develop.
c. the presence of estrogen determines whether a vagina develops.
d. the presence of DHT determines whether a prostate develops.
20. People with androgen insensitivity syndrome show developmental abnormalities. Which of the following primary or secondary sexual characteristics is most likely to be seen in these individuals? The presence of:
a. a prostate
b. a weewee (had to edit this
c. breast development at puberty
d. descended testes
e. pubic and axillary hair
Explanation / Answer
11. Answer is option "B. the presence of insulin in the individuals"
Type 1 diabetes people have absolutely no insulin in their body. As a result the glucose levels in the blood flactuate rapidly. this results in diabetic ketoacidosis. whereas as in non insulin dependent diabetes or type 2 diabetes, the people have sufficient levels of insulin. hence they are not prone to ketoacidosis.
12. Answer is option "c. increased basal metabolic rate"
Insulin decreases the BMR. It acts opposite to thyroid hormone. Insulin helps building up glycogen reserves by decreasing the blood glucose, helps muscles to uptake amino acids.
13.Answer is option "C. hCG.
hCG is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. It promotes the maintenance of corpus leuteum in the inital stages of pregnancy.
hPL is known to have anti insulin properties which is responsible for gestational diabetes. Growth Hormone and Cortisol promote gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and increase blood glucose levels.
14. Answer is option "C. the adrenal hyperfunction is most likely a primary disorder resulting from malfunction of the adrenal gland."
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