5. The hypothalamic neurons that ultimately control the rhythm of the reproducti

Question

5. The hypothalamic neurons that ultimately control the rhythm of the reproductive cycle use what neurotransmitter (1 point)? 6. What hypothalamic hormone controls FSH and LH release (1 point)? 7. Just before ovulation high levels of the follicular hormone from questions 4 triggers the eventual surge of what anterior pituitary hormone (1 point)? 8. What does this surging hormone do in males (2 points)? 9. After ovulation what is the structure/tissue that stimulates the secretory phase of the endometrium? What two main hormones does this structure/tissue make (3 points)? 10. Where does fertilization occur (1 point)? 11. After implantation of the embryo what structure/tissue AND hormone supports the structure/tissue in question 9 (1 point)? 13. High levels of estrogen late in pregnancy up-regulates sensitivity of the myometrium to another hormone. This hormone stimulates the smooth muscle contraction involved in parturition. What is this second hormone, from where is it secreted, and what is another reproduction related process it is involved in (3 points)?

Explanation / Answer

Like other proteins, peptide hormones are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to mRNA transcripts, which are synthesized from DNA templates inside the cell nucleus. Preprohormones, peptide hormone precursors, are then processed in several stages, typically in the endoplasmic reticulum, including removal of the N-terminal signal sequence and sometimes glycosylation, resulting in prohormones. The prohormones are then packaged into membrane-bound secretory vesicles, which can be secreted from the cell by exocytosis in response to specific stimuli (e.g. --an increase in Ca2+ and cAMP concentration in cytoplasm) These prohormones often contain superfluous amino acid residues that were needed to direct folding of the hormone molecule into its active configuration but have no function once the hormone folds. Specific endopeptidases in the cell cleave the prohormone just before it is released into the bloodstream, generating the mature hormone form of the molecule. Mature peptide hormones then travel through the blood to all of the cells of the body, where they interact with specific receptors on the surfaces of their target cells. Some peptide/protein hormones (angiotensin II, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, parathyroid hormone-related protein) also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism

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