Short Essay prompts - answer all of them. If you don\'t think you have a good an

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Short Essay prompts - answer all of them. If you don't think you have a good answer, write something you know about the topic. A. Name or describe 5 organisms and briefly explain one adaptation for each. Include an example from each of these groups: Excavata; Stramenopila; Archaeplastida; Archaea; Unikonta. Explain the concept behind Darwinian Medicine and give 4 distinct examples from different categories (a total of 4, not 4 for each category). Explain the relationship between extinction and radiation in terms of what they mean for evolution. B. C. D. Explain the benefits and drawbacks of asexual and sexual reproduction and how this relates to evolution. Give the title of your term project and briefly explain three things you presented in your report. E.

Explanation / Answer

b)Darwinian medicine, which is named for English naturalist Charles Darwin, whose theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies,

Darwinian medicine consists of well-established applications of evolution to medicine. For instance, population genetics is intrinsically based on evolutionary biology, phylogenetic methods have long been useful in medicine, and antibiotic resistance is recognized as an example of natural selection.

The major evolutionary reasons that explain why bodies remain vulnerable to disease can be organized into six categories. Mismatches between the environments that humans evolved in and that they now occupy account for the prevalence of substance abuse, obesity, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and breast cancer.

A second reason for vulnerability is the speed with which infectious organisms evolve ways to deal with antibiotics and the protective defenses of the human body. This process of coevolution results not in benign coexistence but in levels of virulence (ability to damage tissues) shaped to maximize the rate of pathogen spread. Virulence often depends on the route of transmission.

For instance, respiratory viruses severe enough to keep victims in bed are likely to be displaced by less-severe strains whose victims are mobile enough to infect others. In contrast, malaria parasites spread faster when they make the host too sick to defend against mosquitoes; thus, malaria tends to be quite virulent.

Vulnerability results also from constraints. For example, the eyes of vertebrates are poorly designed, with a blind spot, and nerves and vessels run between the point where light enters the eye and the retina. The octopus eye, by contrast, has no blind spot. Another constraint is the inevitability of DNA replication errors. Bodies are also subject to engineering constraints and trade-offs. Bones could be thicker, but bodies would then be heavier and slower. Darwinian medicine emphasizes that nothing in the body can be perfect, since every trait is subject to constraints and trade-offs.

Darwinian medicine has narrowed the gap between evolutionary biology and medicine and contributed to improvements in the understanding of health and disease. Some advances have been straightforward, such as new public health policies based on formal evolutionary models of antibiotic resistance and evolutionarily informed searches for genes that cause disease.

c) Extinction is that the species have lived and gone ....extinction is normal part of earth. In extinction species go extint completely or their numbers dry out and evolve as new species .

Mass extinction occurs by climatic changes ,volcanic erruptions ,comets or asteroids where the species go extint for ashort period of time.

Radiation can be said as adaptive ,as after a mass extinction species adapt to new environments and evole.This evolutionary process is rapid and species adapt in a short time.

ex- after the mass extinction of dinosors ,mammals underwent adaptive radiation and became the dominant life form.

d)

One plant disease can wipe out an entire population of cloned plants. A seconddisadvantage is increased competition. Asexual reproduction allows the plants toreproduce very quickly. This means the parent plant will be competing with a great number of offspring for the same nutrients, sunlight, and space.

During sexual reproduction, the genetic material of two individuals is combined to produce genetically-diverse offspring that differ from their parents. ... If the parent organism is successfully occupying a habitat, offspring with the same traits would be similarly successful.

Disadvantges of sexual reproduction are

time and energy spent to find mate

only few offsprings are produced.

poor quality offsprings are produced due to genetic variation.

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