hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color and enables the

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hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color and enables the red blood cells to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body. Research suggests that H. pylori gastritis and autoimmune atrophic gastritis can interfere with the body's ability to absorb iron from food, which may also cause anemia. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health information/digestive-diseases/gastritis Explain the effects of hypocalcemia in the body. Why muscle cells(cardiac vs skeletal) are affected differently? Explain the symptoms seen in the heart and compare them to skeletal muscle symptoms. 4. 5. Explain how Type 2 diabetes may lead to ketoacidosis

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Q. 4. Explain the effect of hypocalcemia on the body. Why are muscle cells (Cardiac Vs Skeletal) affected differently? Explain the symptoms seen in the heart and compare them to the skeletal muscle symptoms.

What is hypocalcemia?

The calcium is one of the vital minerals of your body. It is used by our body to build strong bones and teeth. It is also needed for the proper functioning of the heart and other body muscles. When body didn’t get enough calcium as per its requirement that conditions are known as the hypocalcemia.

Causes of hypocalcemia

The calcium deficiency in the body leads to the hypocalcemia. The hypocalcemia took place due to following reasons (i) poor calcium consumption over a long time or taking more calcium deficient food items regularly. (ii) taking medicines which reduces the calcium absorption capacity of the body. (iii) may be due to certain hormonal changes etc. (iv) due to certain genetic factors which reduces the calcium absorption.

Effect of hypocalcemia on body

A low calcium level in the body known as hypocalcemia is due to the problem with the parathyroid glands, calcium-deficient diet, kidney disorders. It is observed that a person suffering from hypocalcemia have frequent muscle cramps, always remain confused and have memory loss too. Usually, hypocalcemia can be detected by blood test analysis. Calcium is one of the electrolytes of our body. It is well known that the calcium is used for building bones and teeth but some quantity of it also circulates in the blood. About more than 40% of the calcium in our blood is attached to the blood protein albumin. This albumin-bound calcium is reserve source of the calcium in the body and it has no active function in the body. So the only leftover unbound calcium is available for the body functioning. The hypocalcemia took place only when the quantity of unbound calcium in the blood is decreased to its defined level. When the level of calcium goes down in the body the following problems start appearing in the body (i) muscle spasms (ii)depression (iii) memory loss (iv) muscle cramps (v) weak bones

Effect of hypocalcemia on heart muscle cells

The calcium is very important for the cardiac muscle contraction. It is well described that the intracellular calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is necessary for heart muscle contraction. The low concentration of calcium may cause heart failure because in the absence of calcium heart muscle didn’t undergo contraction. Second, the hypocalcemia may cause dilated cardiomyopathy under this condition heart muscles shows the tingling sensation. It also causes weak contraction, Arrhythmias, and low BP., weak thready pulse.

Effect of hypocalcemia on Skeletal muscle cells

In hypocalcemia, the skeletal muscles show frequent twitching and hyperactive DTR (deep tendon reflexes), uncontrolled contraction of vocal cord muscles due to which person make abnormal sounds frequently and have no control over them. The face muscles are also twisted and face has abnormal expression. muscle spasm especially in leg muscles.

Different hypocalcemia effects on cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles

Q 5. Explain how type 2 diabetes may lead to ketoacidosis

Type 2 diabetes

Diabetes is disease under which the proper metabolism of the glucose (sugar) is not taking place inside the body and the blood glucose (sugar) goes higher than normal level. The type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes found in human beings. In this condition, a person is unable to use insulin properly which is made by our pancreas. Or sometimes the capacity of production of insulin is reduced.

Ketoacidosis: when there is prolonged diabetes means the blood sugar content is higher for a long time then our body starts producing a high level of blood acids which is called ketones. This condition arises when there is lacking insulin in the body.

Symptoms of Diabetic ketoacidosis are (I) excessive thirst (ii)Frequent urination (iii)nausea and vomiting (iv)weakness (v)fruity-scented breath

Cardiac Muscles skeletal muscles In cardiac muscles, the contraction is affected by the low level of calcium Muscle spasm took place in a low concentration of calcium The pulse rate slows down because of no proper contraction of heart in a low concentration of calcium. Skeletal muscle behaves abnormal activities like frequent twitching etc

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