Chapter 16-Glycolysis What are the functions of the following enzymes? Amylase M
ID: 269610 • Letter: C
Question
Chapter 16-Glycolysis What are the functions of the following enzymes? Amylase Maltase Know the entire pathway,all enzymes, all substrates, direction of reaction and products of glycolysis as noted in the elass handout For example: the first reaction: hexokinase glucose + ATPglucose 6-phosphate + ADP Be able to recognize the structures of all substrates and products. Be able to recognize the structure of NAD+ and indicate how NAD+ is reduced to NADH (chapter 15, two electrons and one proton added to reactive site to produce NADH). Where does glycolysis take place in a cell? What does reduction mean? What does oxidation mean? What is the purpose of the reduction of NAD+? Answer: extract and store free energy in the form of electrons The important part of the equation for glycolysis is Glucose +2Pi +2 ADP+2 NAD+2 pyruvate+2ATP +2 NADH The 'net' number of ATP made is 2, how many ATP are made in total in glycolysis? How many ATP are used in glycolysis? 4made -2used-2net Phosphate Don't forget that after Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3 all further reactions are counted twice Control mechanisms: When does glycolysis take place in the cell? Answer: when cell has glucose and needs ATP. How does the cell 'know' these? Which of the enzymes are controlled? What are the allosteric effectors of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase? What are the three possible fates of pyruvate? Under which circumstances are each of the three fates usedExplanation / Answer
Answer 1
Function of amylase : Amylase is a hydrolyzing enzyme that breaks down the starch into sugars.
Function of Maltase : Maltase catalyzes the break down of disaccharide units of maltose into two glucose units.
Answer 2
Glycolysis is an aerobic respiration that takes place in cytosol in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Answer 3
Reduction means gaining of one or more electrons or gain of hydrogens and oxidation means loss of electrons or loss of hydrogens.
Answer 4
When NAD goes under reduction process, it forms NADH. When oxidation of NADH occurs it results in the release of large amount of free energy and this energy is used in the formation of ATP (energy currency) by oxidative phosphorylation mechanism.
Answer 5
Total 4 ATP molecules are produced in the glycoysis payoff phase and 2 ATP molecules are utilized in the glycolysis preparatory phase and hence, net ATP production in glycolysis is 2.
Answer 6
Glycolysis is an oxidative process, in which the free energy is released from organic compounds, is used in the formation of ATP. Living cells require input of free energy. Energy is required for the maintenance of highly organized structures, movement, and for other processes. Lack in any activity of the cells due to the absence of energy currency of the body i.e ATP, make cells to go under respiration process to synthesize ATP molecules.
Answer 7
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, Fructose-6-phosphate and AMP are activators of phosphofructokinase and citrate and ATP are inhibitors of phosphofructokinase.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and AMP are activators of pyruvate kinase enzyme and Aceyl-CoA and ATP are inhibitors of pyruvate kinase enzyme.
Answer 8
Pyruvate can undergo three different fates :
a) Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate can further oxidize into acetyl-CoA by oxidation process that occurs in mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes and cytosol in case of prokaryotes.
b) Under anaerobic condition i.e absence of oxygen, it can undergoes fermentation in which pyruvate is converted into organic molecules like lactate.
c) Under anaerobic condition, pyruvate can undergo alcoholic fermentation process where pyruvate is oxidized into ethanol and CO2 .
Related Questions
drjack9650@gmail.com
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.