1. Explain several different reasons why living organisms have membranes. In oth

Question

1. Explain several different reasons why living organisms have membranes. In other words, why specific roles do membranes serve in living organisms?

2. Briefly describe the tertiary and quaternary structure of the anti-freeze?

3. In aerobic respiration, which metabolic process/processes directly requires O2 fro the completion of the process(es)? How is this O2 used? in the use of this o2, what is(are) the final product formed?

4. Under aerobic conditions, explain the link between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.

5. The citric acid cycle starts with the acetyl group of acetyl CoA (2 C) combining with oxaloacetate (4 C) to form a 6 carbon molecule. After one turn of the citric acid cycle, a 4 C molecule, oxaloacetate is regenerated. Where did those 2 carbons go, and where is the energy from this oxidation going?

Explanation / Answer

1. cell membrane performs the following vital functions:

2. antifreeze proteins exists in tertiary and quaternary protein.

tertiary structure refers to three dimensional globular structure of protein made up of alpha helixes and beta sheets. this structure is stabilized by weak hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges, hydrogen bonding and covalent interactions such as disulphide bonds.

Quaternary structure refers to three dimensional structure of protein, composed of two or more individual polypeptide chain, stabilized by non-covalent and covalent interaction.

3. oxidative phosphorylation directly requires molecular oxygen. electrons from electron donors such as NADH and FADH2 flows through a chain of electron carriers to molecular oxygen. the final product of oxidative phosphorylation is water.

4. the pyruvate formed after glycolysis is decarboxylated to form acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle. The acetyl-CoA is oxidised to carbon dioxide with formation of reducing equivalents NADH and FADH2 which transfers their electrons to electron transport chain (or oxidative phosphorylation) to form ATP. Thus Krebs cycle is the link between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.

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