have been posting the same questions and not gettting an answers for any Please

Question

have been posting the same questions and not gettting an answers for any

Please answer all the questions answering only one question is not helpful!

exercise 2.1 :this is the website https://evolution4e.sinauer.com/exercise0201.html:

Question 3. How many nucleotides are different between the descendant on the left and the descendant on the right? How does this answer compare with the sum of the changes in Questions 1 and 2?

Question 4. What circumstance would lead the number of changes in Question 3 to be less than the sum of changes in Questions 1 and 2?

Repeat the simulation 9 more times (for a total of 10 replicates). For each replicate, count and record the number of substitutions accumulated in each lineage. Calculate the mean and variance of the number of substitutions in each lineage over the 10 replicates. (Page A-3 of the textbook appendix provides the formula [Equation A.1] for calculating variances.)

Question 5. What were the mean and the variance for the number of substitutions for the left lineage? For the right lineage? Were the means of the left and right lineage approximately equal?

Set time to 5 (for 5 million years) and run the simulation ten times. For each replicate, record the number of substitutions. Calculate the mean and the variance.

Question 6. What are your results? How do they compare with the results obtained in Question 5?

Set time to 15 (for 15 million years) and run the simulation ten times. For each replicate, record the number of substitutions. Calculate the mean and the variance.

Question 7. What are your results? How do they compare with the results obtained in Question 5?

Graph the mean number of substitutions (use separate data points for the left and right lineage) against time (in million of years).

Question 8. What does your graph look like? Based on your graph, provide the average substitution rate per nucleotide per million years. Remember there are 100 nucleotides in the sample.

Question 9. Based on your estimate of the substitution rate, how many substitutions would you predict will accumulate between the ancestral and each descendant lineage in 50 million years?

Test your prediction by running 10 replicates with the time set at 50 million years. For each replicate, record the number of nucleotide changes that occurred along the left and the right lineages. Compute the mean for each.

Question 10. What are the means for the number of nucleotides that changed along the left and the right lineages? How do these figures compare with your prediction? Provide a reason why the observed figures do not match with the prediction.

Question 12. Why would a rapidly evolving gene have limited utility in dating divergences that occurred a long time ago

Explanation / Answer

Q12) because it might not have enough informative sites in the form mixed mutations between related species

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