Heading 1 Heading 2Title Font doing a study 2. Identify whether the studies belo

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Heading 1 Heading 2Title Font doing a study 2. Identify whether the studies below are observational studies, human intervention studies, or animal studies then restate the findings using your own words. (you don't need to understand every word in the following true research study designs to answer the question regarding type of study) a. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether consumption of whole, dried Lentinula edodes (shiitake) mushrooms could improve human immune function. Design: Fifty- two healthy males and females, aged 21-41 years, participated in a 4-week parallel group study ther 5 or 10 g of mushrooms daily. Each subject had blood drawn before and after 4 weeks of daily L. edodes consumption. Saliva and serum were also collected. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in autologous serum for 24 hours or 6 days, stained, and examined by flow cytometry. Results: Eating L edodes for 4 weeks resulted in increased ex vivo proliferation ofy&T; (60% more, p 0.0001) and NK-T (2-fold more, p 0.0001) cells. Both cell types also demonstrated a greater ability to express activation receptors, suggesting that consuming mushrooms improved cell effector function. The increase in slgA implied improv gut immunity. The reduction in CRP suggested lower inflammation. The pattern of cyt secreted before and after mushroom consumption was significantly different, consumption resulted in increased interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNE)-a, and IL-1a levels, a decreased macrophage inflammatory protein-la/chemokine C-C ligand 3 (MIP-la/CCL3) level, and no change to IL-6, IL-1?, MIP-1?, IL-17 and interferon (IFN)-Y levels. Conclusions Regular L edodes consumption resulted in improved immunity, as seen by improved cell proliferation and activation and increased slgA production. The changes observed in cytokine

Explanation / Answer

As these studies have been conducted on small population of human beings and involve experimentation, these are come under clinical trials or human intervention studies.

The objective of the study to find whether consumption of Lentinula edodes has an impact on our immune system. For this study, fifty two healthy humans were selected which includes both males and females aged between 21 to 41 years. These study groups were asked to consume 5g or 10g of mushroom daily for 4 weeks. The blood is drawn from the each individuals before and after consumption of mushroom. Also serum and saliva were also collected. Flow cytometry was used to assess the different population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Flow cytometry is a fluorescence based technique used to quantify different types of cells present).

Consumption of mushroom resulted in increased proliferation of T-lymphocytes upto 60% compared to control group (without consumption of mushroom) and also 2 fold increase in Natural killer cell (NK-cell) types. This indicates that consumption of mushroom has increased cell effector function. Increased serum immunoglobulin-A (sIg-A) population in serum of test group (with consumption of mushroom) indicates that improved gut immunity. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein produced by liver in response to inflammtion. The reduction in CRP level in serum indicates that lower inflammtation. Cytokines profile was drastically different in both control and test groups. Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1alpha are anti-inflammatory cytokines play role in controlling the inflammation. Increased production of these cytokines indicates that inflammtion is reduced in test groups.

Conclusion of the study is that consumption of mushroom has improved the immune system of human beings by effectively improving cell effector functions, increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and laso immunoglobulins.

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