The presence of predators has been hypothesized to induce changes in prey behavi

Question

The presence of predators has been hypothesized to induce changes in prey behavior though chemical cues, even in the absence of direct interaction. Consider the graph below comparing activity levels of grey tree frog tadpoles, Hyla versicolor, reared either in the presence or absence of caged predators (dragonfly larvae, Anax longipes) in experimental ponds. Activity was quantified as the percentage of moving tadpoles observed over a 10-minute interval. Mean ± SE; n = 30 tadpoles per experimental pond, F1, 10 = 6.12, P = 0.033.

What is/are the independent variable(s) in this study?

A)

predator presence or absence

B)

predator activity level

C)

both A and B

D)

prey activity level

E)

all of the above

What is/are the dependent variable(s)?

A)

predator presence or absence

B)

predator activity level

C)

both A and B

D)

prey activity level

E)

all of the above

What are the degrees of freedom associated with this test?

A)

1

B)

10

C)

1 and 10

D)

11

E)

30

A)

predator presence or absence

B)

predator activity level

C)

both A and B

D)

prey activity level

E)

all of the above

What is/are the dependent variable(s)?

A)

predator presence or absence

B)

predator activity level

C)

both A and B

D)

prey activity level

E)

all of the above

What are the degrees of freedom associated with this test?

A)

1

B)

10

C)

1 and 10

D)

11

E)

30

60 5 40 ? 20 No predator Predator

Explanation / Answer

1. Option A is correct.

Independent variable = The variable that is being manipulated.

Here, we are manipulating the presence or absence of the predator to find out its effect on prey activity.

2. Option D is correct.

Dependent variable = The variable that changes according to the independent variable and is being measured.

Here, we are manipulating the presence or absence of the predator to find out its effect on prey activity.

3. Option A is correct.

Number of degree of freedom in the given case = 1

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