The skin, mucous membranes, and saliva are all part of the _____________________

Question

The skin, mucous membranes, and saliva are all part of the ________________________ of defense in the human body’s _____________________ system. If a virus gets past these barriers into the lungs the immune system’s second line of defense “kicks in”. This includes the __________________________ response when blood vessels ___________________ allowing more blood, which carries nutrients, oxygen, water, and chemicals to the infected area. The increase in blood volume also leads to redness, _________ (which kills bacteria), swelling, and pain. Also in this second line of defense, there are protective proteins in the blood which can help the immune system. _____________________________ are a type of protective proteins which leave virus-infected cells to warn other non-infected cells that the enemy (the virus) is in the body. If the infection is still persisting at this time, the body’s third line of defense, also called the _____________________ immune defense, starts to take action. First, ______________________________ appear and phagocytize the pathogen. Next, __________________ (that have become macrophages) also arrive and phagocytize pathogens. The macrophages place a piece of the broken-down pathogen (antigen) on the outside of its’ cell membrane. At this point the macrophage is called an _____________________________________________ (APC) and it travels to the lymph nodes or spleen. Here the APC will attract and bind to a ______cell. This T cell is activated and divides into Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells, Helper T (TH) cells and Memory T cells. The TC cells enter the blood stream and find infected cells by following chemical signals and matching up with the displayed foreign antigens on infected cell membranes. The Tc cells then shoot _________________________ at the infected cell to make holes in the membrane, so that granzymes can enter the infected cell and cause __________________ (cell death). At the same time, Helper T cells will release _________________________to activate _____ cells into plasma cells. Plasma cells then make the corresponding ________________________(which will bind to the pathogen to mark them for destruction). This prevents further division and spreading of the pathogen. After the infection is removed from the body, the _____________________, ___________________, and _____________________ all undergo apoptosis and only ____________ T cells and ______________ B cells remain in your blood.

Explanation / Answer

1. first line 2. Immune 3. inflammatory 4. dilate 5. phagocytosis 6. Interferons 7. specific 8. lymphocytes 9. mMonocytes 10. Antigen Presenting Cell 11. T lymphocytes 12. cytotoxins 13.Apoptosis 14. proteins 15. B cells 16. antibodies 17. pathogen, infected cells and macrophafes 18. memory Tcells and memory B cells

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