Step 2-Temperature and Eccentricity We can do some fairly simple calculations to

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Step 2-Temperature and Eccentricity We can do some fairly simple calculations to find out how the temperature of a planet changes from its closest approach to its star during its orbit, periastron, to its farthest distance from its star during its orbit, apastron. We start by assuming that the amount of starlight the planet receives the flux, is constant as is the amount of light absorbed and reflected by the planet. We don't know the axial tilts of the extrasolar planets, so we ignore any seasonal differences. We can then ask our- selves, "By what fraction or percentage does each extrasolar planet's surface temperature change from its perihelion to aphelion? How does this compare to similar changes on Earth? We know from the Stefan-Boltzmann law that the temperature is proportional to the amount of flux to the 1/4 power. We also know that the flux from a star decreases according to the inverse square law. We will work with ratios to find out the fractional or percentage change for periastron versus apastron. Figure 30.1 shows comparisons of the temperatures at periastron versus the tem- peratures at apastron. 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 19 -0.33 1.5 e-0.09 1.3 55 Cne1 1.1 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Ecoantricity of the orbi FIGURE 30.1

Explanation / Answer

3) as we know this that the orbit of every planet is not circular in shape but in actual it is elliptical in shape. this ellipse have the fixed distance from the earth. we can take this distance as the radius of the ellipse by keeping the sun at the center than we get the orbital path of earth and in the same way for the other planets.

but if we conceptualize the seasonal changes in earth by it orbital motion than the radius of ellipse for the earth orbit is very much shorter than that of mars. morever if earth take 365 days to complete one year then it is ovbious that mars will take more time period. also the rotation of the planet is also depend to this so mars will have long time of one year as compare to earth because mars have big radius of it elliptical orbit. so the days will be long and corressponding years will also be long for mars. On mars the season will also going to be longer than earth.

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4) the northern hemisphere summer will be longer. it is because to the fact that when the summer takes place the planet goes to its maximum distance from the earth which make it long time to cover the distance as compare to other season. due to which the northern hemisphere will face the maximum day time throughout the season and hence the summer will be longer in northern hemisphere.

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5) the northern hemisphere summer will be hotter. it is because to the fact that the planet will face most of the day time towards sun due to long path travel. this will not in case of southern hemisphere where the summer is colder. so due to this the northern hemis[phere will be hotter.

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6) the ratio of the tempertaure for the mercury is lies in between the 1.1 and 1.3 as we estimate it from the given graph. for the lowest temerature ratio of mercury it is 1.1 and highest is 1.3. so the ratio of temperature for mercury is approx=1.25( estimate from the graph).

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7) if the ecentricity of the earth become like that of mars then the time period of the one year will be increase and consequently it will effect the season. if we take the case of mars then the season are like summer are shorter and winter are longer. and similarly there are long days so the whole year will be a long one. the atmosphere will be such that people have to live more likely that they are in winter season mostly like in case of ice area on earth.

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