1. According to the AR5 IPCC report, how low do cumulative CO 2 emissions have t
ID: 292101 • Letter: 1
Question
1.
According to the AR5 IPCC report, how low do cumulative CO2 emissions have to be for the global average surface temperature to stay below 2°C warming above pre-industrial levels, with a probability of >66% (i.e., likely)?
Question 5 options:
Below 4000 GtC
Below 1000 GtC
Below 2000 GtC
Below 500 GtC
2.
By the year 2100, the IPCC AR4 report (2013) CMIP5 model ensemble mean projects a warming of around ____ compared to1986-2005 in the RCP8.5 scenario.
Question 7 options:
1°C
2°C
3°C
4°C
5°C
Drew Slater – an avid skier at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC, located here at CU-Boulder!) - made the above graph. It shows observed snow water equivalent (SWE) at Copper Mountain in 1999 (black), and estimated SWE if the climate were 1 to 10 degrees °C warmer (colored lines and numbers). The letters on the x-axis stand for months of the winter season from October (O) through July (J). The tick indicates the beginning of the month (i.e., the O = October 1, the N = November 1, the D = December 1…). A value of zero means no snow.
Assume that Copper Mountain is expected to warm by 5 °C in all months of the year by 2050. What will the 2050 snow conditions be at Copper according to the graph above?
Question 11 options:
January and February snow amounts in 2050 will be the same as 1999 (black curve).
There will be no snow during November in 2050.
There will be no snow during March in 2050.
When compared to 1999 (black curve), snow reductions in 2050 will be larger in May than in March.
Drew Slater – an avid skier at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC, located here at CU-Boulder!) - made the above graph. It shows observed snow water equivalent (SWE) at Squaw Valley, California in 2004 (black), and estimated SWE as the climate if 2004 were 1 to 10 degrees C warmer (colored lines). The letters on the x-axis stand for months of the winter season from October (O) through July (J). The tick indicates the beginning of the month (i.e., the O = October 1, the N = November 1, the D = December 1…). A value of zero means no snow.
Assume that Squaw Valley is expected to warm 5 °C in all months by 2050. What will happen to the snow conditions at Squaw Valley according to the graph above?
Question 12 options:
In 2050, snow will start accumulating in February instead of November.
January and February are the only months that will have snow throughout the entire month in 2050.
February snow amounts in 2050 will be similar to 2004 values (black curve).
There will be no snow in January in 2050
5.
Why do satellites show Arctic sea ice cover in late summer decreasing in almost half from 1979 to present?
Question 13 options:
Increasing greenhouse gases
Internal climate variability that has enhanced sea ice cover loss
Increasing greenhouse gases and internal climate variability that have decreased sea ice cover loss
Increasing greenhouse gases and internal climate variability that have enhanced sea ice cover loss
Below 4000 GtC
Below 1000 GtC
Below 2000 GtC
Below 500 GtC
COPPER MOUNTAIN 39.48N -106.17E 3216m 500 1999 E 400E 1 2 4 U 300 5 7 8 200 9 10 100 aslater@nsidc.orgExplanation / Answer
Question 5: Below 500 GtC
Question 7: 5°C
The increase of global mean surface temperature by the end of the 21st century (2081–2100) relative to 1986–2005 islikelyto be 0.3°C to 1.7°C under RCP2.6, 1.1°C to 2.6°C under RCP4.5, 1.4°C to 3.1°C under RCP6.0 and 2.6°C to 4.8°C underRCP8.59.The Arctic region will continue to warm more rapidly than the global mean (
Question 11:When compared to 1999 (black curve), snow reductions in 2050 will be larger in May than in March.
Question 12: In 2050, snow will start accumulating in February instead of November.
Question 13: Increasing greenhouse gases and internal climate variability that have enhanced sea ice cover loss
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