Which is a measure of the primary productivity of a kelp forest? Select one: a.

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Which is a measure of the primary productivity of a kelp forest?

Select one:

a. mass of kelp growth per year

b. mass of kelp eaten per year

c. mass of top consumer

d. total biomass of the ecosystem

e. mass of kelp

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According to the Milankovitch hypothesis, what causes glacial cycles?

Select one:

a. methane hydrate release

b. volcanic eruptions

c. changes in Earth's orbit

d. changes in the energy output of the sun

e. changes in CO2 concentration

Question 63

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In California most beaches are:

Select one:

a. experiencing growth

b. experiencing erosion

c. stable in size

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In general, continental shelves tend to be wider in the

Select one:

a. Pacific Ocean, because its margins tend to be active

b. Atlantic Ocean, because its margins tend to be active

c. Pacific Ocean, because its margins tend to be passive

d. Atlantic Ocean, because its margins tend to be passive

Question 65

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The surface ocean typically has lower nutrient concentrations but higher productivity than the deep ocean.

Select one:

a. True

b. False

Question 66

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Use the graph above to estimate the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere 20,000 years ago. (1kyr = 1000 yr)

Select one:

a. 220 ppm

b. 250 ppm

c. 180 ppm

d. 280 ppm

e. 400 ppm

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In the absence of any greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

Select one:

a. Earth's surface temperatures would be similar to what they were 1000 years ago

b. we would still have global warming, but with less severe impacts

c. Earth's surface temperature would be above boiling

d. Earth's surface temperature would be below freezing

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While the side of Earth facing the moon experiences high tide, the opposite side of Earth experiences:

Select one:

a. a tide level midway between high and low tide.

b. high tide also.

c. high or low tide, depending on the phase of the moon.

d. low tide.

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At their current atmospheric concentrations, which greenhouse gas is responsible for the largest percentage of greenhouse effect?

Select one:

a. water vapor

b. carbon dioxide

c. methane

d. ozone

e. nitrogen

Question 70

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What is the speed of a wind wave with a wavelength of 81 m travelling in water that is 100 m deep?

Select one:

a. 11.25 m/s

b. 27.9 m/s

c. 8.75 m/s

d. 21.7 m/s

e. 12.5 m/s

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Which of the following is an example of lithogenous (or terrigenous) sediment?

Select one:

a. manganese nodules

b. calcium carbonate ooze

c. wind-blown dust

d. diatom shells

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In what direction do winds blow over most of the US?

Select one:

a. west to east

b. clockwise

c. east to west

d. from the ocean toward the middle of the continent

e. counterclockwise

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Which phenomenon explains why the equator has a very wet climate and many deserts are found at 30° North and South?

Select one:

a. Plate tectonics

b. Hadley cells

c. Monsoons

d. Thermohaline circulation

e. El Nino

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What is the primary energy source for a hurricane?

Select one:

a. Coriolis force

b. equatorial upwelling

c. latent heat of water vapor

d. heat capacity of seawater

e. trade winds

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A wall built perpendicular to shore (sticking out into the ocean) is primarily built to help reduce sand loss due to:

Select one:

a. longshore transport

b. coastal upwelling

c. sea level rise

d. storm surges

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A summer beach is characteristically

Select one:

a. a rocky platform

b. steep and narrow

c. covered with boulders and cobbles

d. broad and covered with sand

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The weakest tides with the smallest variation in tide height occurs during the:

Select one:

a. new moon

b. full moon

c. half-full moon

d. spring equinox

e. summer solstice

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The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere varies seasonally by a few ppm because of seasonal changes in:

Select one:

a. temperature

b. anthropogenic energy use

c. atmospheric circulation

d. photosynthesis

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What is the primary source of CO2 in the deep ocean?

Select one:

a. rivers

b. hydrothermal vents

c. fossil fuels

d. remineralization

Question 80

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Summer occurs in the Northern Hemisphere when:

Select one:

a. CO2 is at its annual maximum

b. Earth is closest to the sun

c. the north pole points toward the sun

d. all of the above

Explanation / Answer

61) Option d is correct

total biomass of the ecosystems.

62) Option c is correct

changes in the earths orbit

The episodic nature of the Earth's glacial and interglacial periods within the present Ice Age (the last couple of million years) have been caused primarily by cyclical changes in the Earth's circumnavigation of the Sun.

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