How are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated in the liver?
ID: 300897 • Letter: H
Question
How are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated in the liver? Answer this question by providing explanations on all levels of pathway regulation. Discuss the reciprocal/opposite regulation in the categories shown in the following sections. However, this is not just a listing of the regulated enzymes and conditions or substances which are effectors of those reactions; you need to address types of regulation which are examples of reciprocal or opposite regulation of the two pathways.
Identify the most highly regulated steps of these pathways. Give the full reactions including reactants, produces and enzymes. For each identify the most highly regulated step AND other reactions which are regulated.
What does “opposite” or “reciprocal” regulation of opposite pathways mean?
Discuss how reciprocal/opposite “allosteric” regulation of the most highly regulated steps of these two pathways.
Discuss the reciprocal/opposite “hormonal” regulation of the most highly regulated steps of these two pathways.
Discuss the reciprocal/opposite “reversible covalent modification” of these two pathways.
Discuss any other recipocal/opposite type of regulation that occurs in the regulation of these two pathways of glucose metabolism.
Explanation / Answer
Reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
In starvation, level of 2,6-bisphosphate gets low, which stimulates phosphofructokinase that inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. This process favors glycolysis. In the just opposite way when level of 2,6-bisphosphate gets high, the gluconeogenesis favors because fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibited by phosphofructokinase.
The second regulator for both process is inhibition and non inhibition of pyruvate kinase. High level of ATP and alanine inhibit the enzyme. It favors gluconeogeneis because high level of acetyl coA activates phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. In the opposite, when ATP low, then ADP highs, which inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
The reciprocal regulation we say this because one type of molecule under high or low condition regulates the both mechanisms.
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