As you travel up a food chain, further from the primary producer, the amount of

Question

As you travel up a food chain, further from the primary producer, the amount of available energy

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increases

stays the same

decreases

The addition of excessive amounts of nutrients to aquatic ecosystems that often results in overgrowth of algae is

___algae blooms___

.

Check all that apply:

Carbon is essential element for life. As a good heterotroph, you get your carbon directly from

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the atmosphere

consuming organic matter (food)

water

magma

Check all that apply.

Nitrogen is essential nutrient for

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proteins

chlorophyll

DNA

carbon dioxide

use sunlight to synthesize their own food.

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autotroph

photoautotroph

consumer

chemoautotroph

Check all that apply:

Carbon is direcly cycled between plants and the atmosphere via what process(es):

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denitrification

nitrogen fixation

respiration

photosynthesis

Nitrification is the process in which certain bacteria convert ?   ? to ? ?.  

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nitrites to nitrogen gas

nitrates to ammonia

nitrogen gas to ammonia

ammonia to nitrates

the fourth most abundant element in living organisms

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oxygen

hydrogen

carbon

nitrogen

In ______________________ bacteria return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrates to N2.

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Nitrification

Respiration

Nitrogen-fixing

Denitrification

increases

stays the same

decreases

Explanation / Answer

Ans. #3. Decreases.

Only around 10% of the energy of the topic level is available to the next/successive tropic level in the food chain. So, as we go away from the primary producer to top of a food chain, the energy available to the higher tropic levels from adjacent lower tropic level always decreases.

#5. Consuming organic matter. The organic matter from other organisms (plants, fish, egg, etc.) is the only source of carbon for heterotrophs (the organisms which can’t synthesize their own food).

# Being higher animals, humans can’t obtain carbon from water (CO2 is dissolved in water), magma or the atmosphere (CO2 as gas).

#6. Proteins, Chlorophyll, DNA

Nitrogen is present in proteins (as -NH2 group of amino acid), chlorophyll (as porphyrin ring) and DNA (as nitrogenous bases).

#CO2 does not have any N-atom.

#7. Photoautotrophs

Autotrophs (chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs) use CO2 as the source of carbon.

However, photoautotrophs use sunlight as source of energy to assimilate CO2 into food (say, glucose during photosynthesis) whereas chemoautotrophs derive the energy for synthesizing food from chemical reactions but NOT light.

# Since the terms autotrophs may refer to both chemo- and photoautotrophs, the terms photoautotrophs is most appropriate in this context.

#8. Respiration, Photosynthesis.

During respiration plants release CO2 to atmosphere. During photosynthesis plants absorb CO2 from atmosphere.

# Denitrification and nitrogen fixation cycle nitrogen between organisms and atmosphere.

#10. Ammonia to nitrates.

Nitrification is the process of conversion of ammonia to nitrite and successively to nitrate.

#11. Nitrogen

Most abundant element = Carbon ;          2nd Most abundant element = Hydrogen

3rd Most abundant element = Oxygen ; 4th Most abundant element = Nitrogen

#12. Denitrification

Denitrification is the process of converting nitrates to N2 gas which is released into atmosphere.

# Nitrification is the process of conversion of ammonia to nitrite and successively to nitrate.

# Respiration releases CO2 (and, H2O) into atmosphere.

# Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen into NH3.

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