Principles of Biology IIB 1 Biology 205 Principles of Biology IIB Assignment 1A
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Principles of Biology IIB 1
Biology 205
Principles of Biology IIB
Assignment 1A
For students with first names starting with the letters A to G.
This assignment is graded out of 110 points, and is worth 15% of your final mark. Please submit this assignment after you have completed Chapter 22 and before you write the midterm exam.
A. Definition/Comparison Questions
In your own words, define the pairs of terms given below. Write in complete sentences, stating the differences and relationships between the two terms, and give specific examples where appropriate. A complete answer usually requires four to eight sentences.
Each question is worth four marks, for a total of 40 marks.
1. Hardy-Weinberg principle / evolution
2. genetic drift / bottleneck effect
3. biological species concept / morphological species concept
4. allopatric speciation / behavioural isolation
5. descent with modification / inheritance of acquired characters
6. Gram-positive bacteria / Gram-negative bacteria
7. generalized transduction / specialized transduction
8. cyanobacteria / Archaea
9. anagenesis / cladogenesis
10. lytic cycle / lysogenic cycle
2 Biology 205 / Assignment 1A
B. Short Answer/Short Essay Questions
Answer each of the questions given below in your own words. Write in complete sentences where appropriate. A complete answer usually requires one to two sentences per mark, so a three-mark question would be answered in three to six sentences. This section is worth a total of 40 marks.
(4 marks) 1. Explain two ways of maintaining genetic variation in a population.
(4 marks) 2. Some isolated islands have human populations with a high incidence of particular genetic diseases compared to much lower frequencies elsewhere. Explain the historic events that lead to such high frequencies. Use proper terminology.
(2 marks) 3. What are subspecies? How do they differ from species?
(5 marks) 4. On p. 430 of the textbook, Fig.1 provides two cladograms from the data in Table 1. Draw a third cladogram that resolves all individual groups in the table. Include the corresponding characters below the branching points.
(3 marks) 5. Explain how advances in geology paved the way for an understanding of biological evolution in Darwin's time.
(5 marks) 6. Explain the importance of Hox genes for evolutionary developmental biology.
(4 marks) 7. How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
(5 marks) 8. Explain the term heterochrony, and give two examples of how it can influence evolution.
(3 marks) 9. The peptidoglycan layer in Gram-negative bacteria is much thinner than this layer in Gram-positive bacteria. Why then, are Gram-negative bacteria less sensitive to some antibiotics than are Gram-positive bacteria?
(5 marks) 10. Give two examples of diseases caused by prions. How do prions cause diseases? Principles of Biology IIB 3
C. Multiple Choice Questions
Instructions: Select the single best answer to each of the questions given below. Each question is worth one mark, for a total of 30 marks.
1. All but one of the following is required for a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Which one doesn’t meet the requirements?
a. non-random mating
b. no mutations
c. large populations
d. no natural selection
e. no gene flow
2. After studying a population of a butterfly species over several generations, you observe that its average wing size is steadily increasing and is significantly bigger in the more recent generations. This is most likely an example of
a. genetic drift.
b. non-random mating.
c. disruptive selection.
d. directional selection.
e. genetic variation.
3. Which of the following factors is most likely to increase genetic variation in a population?
a. natural selection
b. mutations
c. non-random mating
d. genetic drift
e. stabilizing selection
4 Biology 205 / Assignment 1A
4. The founder effect is an example of
a. non-random mating.
b. natural selection.
c. genetic variation.
d. genetic drift.
e. directional selection.
5. Which of the following processes would NOT be considered as gene flow?
a. Pollen drifts in from a distant population of wildflowers.
b. An elephant leaves a population and joins another one.
c. Pine seeds arrive from a distant location and germinate at a new site.
d. Large frogs preferentially mate with frogs of a similar size.
e. A small group of rats leaves an existing population.
6. A plant species with a chromosome number 2n=4 hybridizes with another species (2n=8) in the same genus to produce a hybrid through allopolyploidy. The resulting new species has a chromosome number of
a. 2n=4.
b. 2n=6.
c. 2n=8.
d. 2n=12.
e. 2n=24.
7. Based on banding patterns and inversions, chimpanzees are most closely related to
a. humans.
b. both humans and gorillas.
c. both gorillas and orangutans.
d. both humans and orangutans.
e. none of the above.
Principles of Biology IIB 5
8. The morphological species concept is based on
a. reproductive isolation.
b. intersterility.
c. differences in the anatomy of two species.
d. differences in behaviour between species.
e. geographical factors (two populations living remote from each other).
9. Two members of a biological species
a. can reproduce and produce fertile offspring.
b. can reproduce, but may not always produce fertile offspring.
c. cannot reproduce.
d. can reproduce with members of different biological species.
e. are defined by their morphological similarity.
10. The various subspecies of a ring species are considered as one species because
a. all subspecies reproduce with one another.
b. an individual subspecies only reproduces with a limited number of other subspecies.
c. they have only slight morphological differences.
d. gene flow is maintained through neighbouring populations.
e. the subspecies have lost the ability to reproduce with neighbouring populations.
11. Two organisms in the same family would also be in the same
a. order.
b. genus.
c. subspecies.
d. species.
e. none of the above
6 Biology 205 / Assignment 1A
12. When designing a cladogram of a group, you would use
a. ancestral characters.
b. derived characters.
c. homoplasies.
d. analogous characters.
e. none of the above.
13. Which of the following would be the best molecule by which to study human evolution via a molecular clock?
a. cytochrome c
b. chloroplast DNA
c. ribosomal RNA
d. mitochondrial DNA
e. all of the above
14. Taxonomic hierarchies refer to
a. cladistics.
b. molecular phylogeny.
c. traditional systematics.
d. molecular clocks.
e. polyphyletic taxa.
15. Cladograms
a. often produce polyphyletic taxa.
b. often produce paraphyletic taxa.
c. make use of characters that are both homologous and derived.
d. produce hierarchical systems of classification.
e. were already used by Linnaeus.
Principles of Biology IIB 7
16. Which of the following ideas does NOT correspond to Lamarck?
a. Species change in the process of evolution.
b. Acquired characters are passed on to the next generation.
c. Heavily used body parts become stronger, and this trait is passed on to the next generation.
d. Organisms change in response to their environment.
e. Natural selection drives changes in populations.
17. You removed a Pax-6 gene from a squid and replaced it with a spider Pax-6 gene. Most likely the squid will
a. not develop any eyes.
b. develop spider eyes.
c. develop eyes with intermediate characters between those of spiders and those of squids.
d. develop typical squid eyes.
e. develop eyes in unusual body parts.
18. Pedomorphosis most likely results from
a. allometric growth.
b. metamorphosis.
c. differential growth.
d. preadaptation.
e. lower than normal levels of particular hormones.
19. Some members of a particular plant family are found in South America, while other members of this plant family grow in Australia. There are no representatives in other continents. This would be called
a. an endemic species.
b. dispersal.
c. continuous distribution.
d. disjunct distribution.
e. convergent evolution.
8 Biology 205 / Assignment 1A
20. The hypothesis that the speed of evolution changes during the course of speciation is called
a. uniformitarianism.
b. gradualism.
c. punctuated equilibrium.
d. convergent evolution.
e. heterochrony.
21. In which organisms would you expect to find endotoxins?
a. prions
b. viroids
c. viruses
d. Gram-positive bacteria
e. none of the above
22. Which prokaryotes include organisms with the capability to produce methane?
a. cyanobacteria
b. Gram-positive bacteria
c. chlamydias
d. Archaea
e. purple bacteria
23. Which of the following statements is NOT correct with reference to Gram-negative bacteria?
a. Their cell walls do not bind crystal violet.
b. They have a large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
c. Their outermost cell wall layer is a membrane.
d. They are less sensitive to a variety of antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria.
e. Their cell walls contain lipopolysaccharides.
Principles of Biology IIB 9
24. Which of the following groups has no peptidoglycan in its cell walls?
a. green bacteria
b. cyanobacteria
c. proteobacteria
d. chlamydia
e. Gram-positive bacteria
25. Which bacterium would you expect to find in large amounts in yogourt?
a. E. coli
b. Streptococcus
c. Clostridium
d. Lactobacillus
e. Shewanella
26. Which of the following terms best explains why new flu vaccines need to be developed every year?
a. reverse transcriptase
b. prions
c. evolution
d. generalized transduction
e. lysogenic cycle
27. Which of the following have no nucleic acids?
a. prions
b. T viruses
c. viroids
d. Archaea
e. HIV viruses
10 Biology 205 / Assignment 1A
28. Which of the following terms is NOT associated with viroids?
a. nucleic acids
b. capsids
c. genes not coding for proteins
d. plant pathogens
e. single stranded RNA
29. Which of the following components is not part of an HIV virus?
a. nucleic acids
b. reverse transcriptase
c. glycoproteins
d. two single DNA strands
e. capsid
30. Which of the following diseases is not caused by prions?
a. kuru
b. scrapies
c. mad cow disease
d. foot and mouth disease
e. Creutzfeld-Jacob disease
Explanation / Answer
30. Which of the following diseases is not caused by prions?
Ans.d .foot and mouth disease.
29.29. Which of the following components is not part of an HIV virus?
Ans. D.two single DNA stands.
28.28. Which of the following terms is NOT associated with viroids?
Ans. C.genes not coding for proteins.
27.27. Which of the following have no nucleic acids?
Ans.a. prions
25.Which bacterium would you expect to find in large amounts in yogourt?
Ans D lactobaccilus
24. Which of the following groups has no peptidoglycan in its cell walls?
a. green bacteria
23.23. Which of the following statements is NOT correct with reference to Gram-negative bacteria?
Ans b. They have a large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
22. Which prokaryotes include organisms with the capability to produce methane?Ans d archaea
21. In which organisms would you expect to find endotoxins.
Ans e none of the above.
19. Some members of a particular plant family are found in South America, while other members of this plant family grow in Australia. There are no representatives in other continents. This would be called
D.disjunct distribution.
18. Pedomorphosis most likely results from
a. allometric growth.
17. You removed a Pax-6 gene from a squid and replaced it with a spider Pax-6 gene. Most likely the squid will
a. not develop any eyes.
16.16. Which of the following ideas does NOT correspond to Lamarck?
Ans. c. Heavily used body parts become stronger, and this trait is passed on to the next generation.
15. Cladograms
Ans. d. produce hierarchical systems of classification.
14.14. Taxonomic hierarchies refer to
Ans. d. molecular clocks.e. polyphyletic taxa.
13.13. Which of the following would be the best molecule by which to study human evolution via a molecular clock?
a. cytochrome c
c. ribosomal RNA
12. When designing a cladogram of a group, you would use
Ans. Derived characters
11.11. Two organisms in the same family would also be in the same
Ans. ORDER.
10.10. The various subspecies of a ring species are considered as one species because
d. gene flow is maintained through neighbouring populations.
9.Two members of a biological species
Ans.
a. can reproduce and produce fertile offspring
8.The morphological species concept is based on
c. differences in the anatomy of two species.
7.7. Based on banding patterns and inversions, chimpanzees are most closely related to
a. humans.
d. both humans and orangutans.
6.. A plant species with a chromosome number 2n=4 hybridizes with another species (2n=8) in the same genus to produce a hybrid through allopolyploidy. The resulting new species has a chromosome number of
c. 2n=8.
5.5. Which of the following processes would NOT be considered as gene flow?
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