Question 4. The figure below represents the interaction web of fish, insects, an

Question

Question 4. The figure below represents the interaction web of fish, insects, and plants in an ecosystem. Solid lines denote direct interactions, whereas dotted lines denote indirect interactions; the direction of the arrow shows the direction of the interaction; and the sign (+/0/-) denotes the effect of the interaction: Pollinator Dragonfly dragonfly Fish C. The direct interaction between pollinator and plants leads to what, if any, change in plant density. (i.e. increase, decrease, no change, cannot be determined)? D. The indirect interaction between fish and plants leads to what, if any, change in plant density. (i.e. increase, decrease, no change, cannot be determined)? E. What is this specific type of effect called?

Explanation / Answer

C. The direct interaction between pollinator and plants is a positive one that will increase the density of plants. Pollination (transfer of pollen from the anther to stigma) can be achieved by other means as well, however, some plants heavily rely on biological pollinators to complete pollination, which is followed by fertilization and ultimately production of seeds thus will increase the plant density.

Pollinators may receive nectar from flowers and flowers are being pollinated, this specific effect is a case of facultative mutualism as these do not require each other obligatorily for their survival.

D, Since fishes eat the larvae of the dragonfly, so it is indirectly saving pollinators from dragonflies. As a result, more pollinators will visit plants and thereby increase their density.

As only plants are getting benefitted from such an association and fishes stay normal, this specific effect is a case of commensalism.

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