15. A relationship has been found between autoimmune diseases and the frequency
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15. A relationship has been found between autoimmune diseases and the frequency of certain HILA haplotypes Some polymorphisms found in non-HLA genes have also been associated to autoimmune human population. Which of the following is an example of these? a. Insulin b. CD25 (alpha chain of the IL-2R) C. 1L-23R d. All of the above 16. Infections of particular tissues may induce local innate immune responses that recruit leukocytes into the tissues and result in the activation of tissue APCs. The infection may therefore result in the activation of T cells that are not specific for the infectious pathogen; this type of response is called a. Primary T cell priming b. Bystander activation d. Immunological tolerance 17. Infectious microbes may contain antigens that cross-react with self-antigens, so immune responses to the microbes may result in reactions against self-antigens. This phenomenon is called a. Antigen cross-reactivity b. Evolutionarily conserved antigenicity c. Molecular mimicry Which of the following are common or general features of immune responses to microbes? a. b. 18. Defense against microbes is mediated by the effector mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity The survival and pathogenicity of microbes in a host are critically influenced by the ability of the microbes to evade or resist the effector mechanisms of immunity Many microbes establish latent, or persistent, infections in which the immune response controls but does not eliminate the microbe and the microbe survives without propagating the infection. All of the above c. d. The principal mechanisms of innate immunity to extracellular bacteria are: a. Complement activation, phagocytosis, and the inflammatory response b. Production of secretory (IgA) antibody by differentiated B cells c. Perforin and granzymes A and B d. Recruitment and activation of tissue macrophages 19. Which of the following correspond to the definition of 'superantigens? a. b. 20. Collectively, all the antigens found in 'Superman Proteins that bind to and activate all the T cells in an individual that expresses a particular set or family of VB TCR genes; interacting with conserved regions of the TCR VB domains c. Proteins that bind to and activate all the T cells in an individual that expresses a particular set or family of VB TCR genes; interacting with non-conserved regions of the TCR VB domains Lipids that bind to and activate all the NKT cells in an individual that expresses a particular set or family of VB TCR genes; interacting with conserved regions of the TCR VB domains d. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of immune system evasion by extracellular bacteria? a. b. 21. Antigenic variation Inhibition of complement activation Resistance to phagocytosis Inhibition of phagolysosome formation c. d. 22. The innate immunity to intracellular bacteria is primarily mediated by a. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) b. Naive CD4+ T cells Phagocytes and NK cells Regulatory T cells (Treg) c. d.Explanation / Answer
15. A relationship has been found between autimmune diseases and the frequency of certain HLA haplotypes in the human population. Some polymorphisms found in non-HLA genes have also been associated to autoinmune diseases. Which of the following is an example of these?
a. Insulin
b. CD25 (alpha chain of the IL-2R)
c. IL-23R
d. All of the above
The response is the option d (all the previous ones).
The antigens leucocitarios human beings (HLA) are antigens formed by molecules that they find in the surface of almost all the cells of the fabrics of an individual, and also in the white blood cells of the blood. The system HLA is the MHC (principal complex of histocompatibilidad) that we possess the human beings. It has the function to differentiate the proper thing of the foreign thing and they assure the immune response, capable of defending to the organism of some strange agents who generate infections.
The HLA is a set of molecules involved in the immunological recognition and in the signposting between(among) cells of the system inmunitario. The forms in which they are transmitted from parents to children constitute a system also named of principal complex of histocompatibilidad or of the individuality (to differentiate the proper thing of the foreign thing), the system called HLA. His discovery has allowed the medicine a great advance in the possibilities of success of a transplant.
The system HLA was discovered in the decade of the 70, hereby it was possible to understand better the phenomenon of the rejection and of the disease of the graft against the recipient and transplant with fewer disadvantages, according to criteria of compatibility.
The connection one could have discovered between(among) certain profiles that present genes HLA and a major frequency of autoimmune diseases as the Systemic Lupus Eritematoso, the Miastenia Gravis and Sjögren's Syndrome, or others as the Espondilitis Anquilosante and the disease celiaca.
As well as for the genes of the HLA also there exist associations and studies of susceptibility described for other genes of the MHC not HLA, as which they codify for the Interleuquinas IL-2R and IL-23R, which are associated with autoimmune diseases, since it it is Behçet's disease, which is a rheumatic chronic disease that causes an inflammation of the blood glasses (in case of the IL-23R).
As for the insulin, nowadays, more than 50 regions know not-HLA that concern the genetic risk of the diabetes mellitus Type 1. Some regions before unknown candidates contain genes, others contain genes which function is not known or do not contain genes but they have a regulatory effect.
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