1- Which of the following is true about experimental studies? Check all that app
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Question
1- Which of the following is true about experimental studies? Check all that apply.
A- Experiments might have confounds.
B- Experiments might not be generalizable to external contexts.
C- Experiments look at natural correlations between variables instead of manipulating variables.
D- Experiments use manipulations to illustrate causality.
E- Experiments use random assignment to keep all other variables that are not of interest constant across conditions.
F- Results of experiments are on average for the sample population and are not universal rules.
G- There may be important moderators missing from the results portrayed in the study.
H- There may be important mediators missing from the results portrayed in the study.
2- Which of the following is true about observational studies? Check all that apply.
A- There may be alternative explanations as to why two variables correlate besides that the first variable
causes the second variable.
B- Observational studies look at natural correlations between variables instead of manipulating variables.
C- Observational studies use manipulations to illustrate causality.
D- Observational studies use random assignment to keep all variables that are not of interest constant
across conditions.
E- Results of observational studies are on average for the sample population and are not universal rules.
F- There may be important moderators missing from the results portrayed in the study.
G- There may be important mediators missing from the results portrayed in the study.
These question have to be answered using this article: https://sunainachugani.com/gamingmoralmaturity/ (THAT IS THE LINK TO THE ARTICLE)
Gaming Can Weaken Moral Maturity
(This study was published in a top journal.)
1. What type of study is featured in this article?
A- Experimental
B- Observational
2. What is the independent variable (IV) in this study?
A- Number of adolescents in the study
B- Time spent playing violent video games
C- Moral maturity
D- The school each adolescent attended
3. What is the dependent variable (DV) in this study?
A- Number of adolescents in the study
B- Time spent playing violent video games
C- Moral maturity
D- The school each adolescent attended
4. What is the causal story that the news story is trying to tell (and the story that lay readers will assume, either correctly or incorrectly)?
A- If adolescents struggle with moral maturity, playing video games may help.
B- Adolescents in Canada tend to have lower moral maturity than in other countries.
C- Playing violent video games for a long period of time decreases the moral maturity of adolescents.
5. Assume the causal story between the IV and the DV that you indicated in #4 above was proven to be true. Which of the following are accurate descriptions of potential moderating variables? Check all that apply.
A- Whether the game is realistic or cartoon-like: Maybe playing violent video games leads to decreased moral maturity
only if the game is realistic. If the game is cartoon-like, maybe playing violent video games will not lead to decreased
moral maturity.
B- Parental Involvement: Maybe if parents are too busy to take care of their adolescents, these adolescents get bored
and spend lots of time playing violent video games.
C- Income: Maybe when children come from low-income families, their parents don't have time for them so their
moral maturity decreases. When children come from high-income families, their parents have more time for them
so they end up having higher moral maturity.
D- Parental Involvement: Maybe playing violent video games decreases moral maturity much more if parents are not
around to teach kids right from wrong. If parents are around to teach kids right from wrong, maybe playing violent
video games has a much weaker effect on moral maturity.
E- Desensitization: Maybe playing violent video games desensitizes the adolescents to violence which in turn decreases
moral maturity.
F- Time spent socializing: Maybe playing violent video games decreases how much time the adolescent spends
socializing with others. This lack of social interaction causes decreased moral maturity.
6. Assume the causal story between the IV and the DV that you indicated in #4 above was proven to be true. Which of the following are accurate descriptions of potential mediating variables? Check all that apply.
A- Whether the game is realistic or cartoon-like: Maybe playing violent video games leads to decreased moral maturity
only if the game is realistic. If the game is cartoon-like, maybe playing violent video games will not lead to decreased
moral maturity.
B- Parental Involvement: Maybe if parents are too busy to take care of their adolescents, these adolescents get bored
and spend lots of time playing violent video games.
C- Income: Maybe when children come from low-income families, their parents don't have time for them so their
moral maturity decreases. When children come from high-income families, their parents have more time for them
so they end up having higher moral maturity.
D- Parental Involvement: Maybe playing violent video games decreases moral maturity much more if parents are not
around to teach kids right from wrong. If parents are around to teach kids right from wrong, maybe playing violent
video games has a much weaker effect on moral maturity.
E- Desensitization: Maybe playing violent video games desensitizes the adolescents to violence which in turn decreases
moral maturity.
F- Time spent socializing: Maybe playing violent video games decreases how much time the adolescent spends
socializing with others. This lack of social interaction causes decreased moral maturity.
[Answer this question ONLY if you categorized this study as "Experimental" in #1 above.]
7. One thing to watch out for in experimental studies are experimental confounds. Do you see any serious experimental confounds in this experiment?
A- This was published in a top journal so there are likely no serious confounds.
B- This was NOT published in a top journal and there is NO serious confound.
C- This was NOT published in a top journal and there IS a serious confound. Please explain what the confound is:
____________________________________________
[Answer this question ONLY if you categorized this study as "Observational" in #1 above.]
8. The causal story is only one explanation as to why these variables may be correlated. Which of the following are alternative explanations (besides causality) as to why these variables may be correlated? Check all that apply.
A- Parental Involvement as Third Explanatory Variable: Maybe parents who aren't involved with their kids leave their
adolescents alone to play violent video games for longer periods of time, and maybe parents who aren't involved
also do not teach their adolescents right from wrong so their moral maturity is lower.
B- Spurious Correlation: Maybe the correlation is just a coincidence.
C- Reverse Causality: Maybe playing violent video games desensitizes the adolescents to violence which in turn
decreases moral maturity.
D- Reverse Causality: Maybe spending less time playing violent video games increases moral maturity.
E- Cartoon vs. Realistic as Third Explanatory Variable: Maybe playing violent video games leads to decreased moral
maturity only if the game is realistic. If the game is cartoon-like, maybe playing violent video games will not lead to
decreased moral maturity.
F- Reverse Causality: Maybe children who have low moral maturity choose to play violent video games for longer
periods of time.
Explanation / Answer
1) The following are true related to Experimental stuides.
A – CONFOUNDS
C- VARIABLES
D- MANIPULATIONS
E – RANDOM ASSINMENT
F – RESULTS
In general, we need to verify the results according to input , apply random asssigment to determine causes of occurring at specfic reason , manipulating data for results,Apply differernt variables and analysis ceratin results.
2) The following are true related to Observation stuides.
A – VARIABLE
C-MANIPULATIONS
D-RANDOM ASSIGMENT
E-RESULTS
In general, we need to observe the manpulating the data according to input ,identify the results,apply random assigment.
The study in journal related to issue of facing the problem on videos game addicted to students.Game is weeken the moral studies.
1) The type of feature in the artictle is pratically Observation studeis. Many of people facing problem on addicted to video playing games issue.
2) The Independent Variable
D-school each adolescent attended
3) Dependent variable
B-The Time spent playing violent games
4) A – Moral Maturity
5)
A – Moral maturity
B - Parental Involvement
D – Income
E – Desensitization
F – Time spent socializing
6)
A – Moral maturity
B - Parental Involvement
D – Income
E – Desensitization
F – Time spent socializing
7)
A - Published in a Journal
8.)
A - Parental Involvement
B- Spurious Correlation - Variable not related to each other - independent
C - Reverse Causality - effect - adolescents - Decrease Moral maturity
E - Cartoon vs Realistic vs Third Explanatory Variable
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