3. Tn Exercise 1, did recovery after holding the breath differ for the perlo inh
ID: 305965 • Letter: 3
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3. Tn Exercise 1, did recovery after holding the breath differ for the perlo inhalation and exhalation? 4. Describe the change in the respiratory pattern with hyperventilation. Consider breath-holding in your response. Variations in heart rate during the respiratory cycle are believed to be due to variations in activity in the vagal nerve supply to the heart. What is the effect of the vagus nerve on the heart? 5. 6. Comment on the differences between the experimental and predicted values fo VC, FRC, and TLC in Table 1. What could cause these differences, if any? 7. In quiet breathing, muscular effort is mainly in inspiration, and expiration is largely passive, due to elastic recoiling of the lung. Can you relate this fact to the pattern of expiratory and inspiratory flow? Hint: The normal pattern of breathing is efficient in that it requires muscular effort for only a short time. 8. Explain why RV cannot be determined by ordinary spirometry. What factors do you think could contribute to differences in pulmonary parameters between the members of your group? 9. 10. What values were affected by simulated airway obstruction, and why?Explanation / Answer
3. Increased length of expiration increases BPM until homeostatic equlibrium is met
4. Breathe can be held longer after hyperventilation because it helps carbon di oxide to drive out of blood during hyperventilation (which means it will take longer for carbon di oxide to build back up in blood).
5. During respiratory cycle, the heart rate increases while inspiration and decreases while expiration. The parasympathetic innervation of the heart is mediated by the vagus nerve which further results in bradyarrhythmias.
6. VC ( Vital Capacity) = IRV ( inspiratory reserve volume) + ERV ( expiratory reserve volume ) + Vt.
FRC ( functional residual capacity)= ERV+RV ( residual volume) TLC ( Total lung capacity) = VC ( vital capacity)+ RV ( residual volume).
Variation is completely relative to the individual health, lifestyle factors or performance of tests.
7. a) In quiet breathing muscular effort is carried out while inspiration. b) Expiration is largely passive due to elastic recoil of the lung c) due to the pattern of expiratory and inspiratory flow, the expiration rate took longer than inspiratory rate because expiration was passive and involves returning to the normal state.
8.Residual Volume (RV) cannot be determined by ordinary spirometry because the volunteer is unable to exhale any further. The spirometry can only measure what you are breathing in and out.
9. Smoking habits, use of tobacco, age and activity are the factors that affects the pulmonary parameters.
10. In patients with obstructive lung disease, the small airways are partially obstructed by a pathological condition. For instance COPD and in asthma attack. The values like Peak Inspiratory flow, Peak expiratory flow, FVC( forced vital capacity) and FEV ( forced expiratory volume) got affected due to stimulated airway obstruction.
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