BEYOND THE NUMBERS 1.33 | LEARNING OUTCOMES 8 TO 10 Association and Causation Re
ID: 3070537 • Letter: B
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BEYOND THE NUMBERS 1.33 | LEARNING OUTCOMES 8 TO 10 Association and Causation Revisited REFLECT Name: To be graded, all assignments must be completed and submitted on the original book page Carefully read and think about each of the exhibits below. Then, give detailed answers to the questions Section Number that accompany each exhibit. EXHIBIT 1 Vaccines and Risk Deadly Immunity In 2005, Salon published an exclusive online story by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr, that offered an explosive premise. Kennedy proposed that the mercury- based thimerosal compound present in vaccines until 2001 was dangerous, and that he was "convinced that the link between thimerosal and the epidemic of childhood neurological disorders is real." This article was co-published to a wide audience by way of Rolling Stone magazine. Mr. Kennedy based his conclusions on a number of sources, but in part on graphs like you see below. (DTP is diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.) DTP Coverage and Autism Prevalence by Birth Year 80 25.00 70 20.00 60 50 15.00 40 10.00 30 20 DTP Autism 5.00 10 0.00 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1900 1991 1992 1993 1994 Source: "Data Obtained by MM Show There's No Association between DTP Vaccination and Autism,"Autism News Science and Opinion, June 14, 2008 http://Meftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2008/06/data-obtained-by-mm-show-theres-no-association-between-dtp-vaccination-and-autism/.Explanation / Answer
1. There is clear evidence of cause and effect relation between DTP vaccination and autism prevelance. We can see as the coverage for DTP vaccination is increasing every year, autism prevelance is also increasing. however the growth rate of both is not same. Rate of growth of autism is higher than the DTP vaccination coverage. As Autism can be caused by other factors also and DTP vaccination is also one of the major factors. This shows that Autism is effect of DTP vaccination and DTP vaccination cause Autism. Hence this graph suggests cause and effect relation.
2. Yes, the study suggests that eating of whole grain cereal results is assosiated with heart failure risk. It says that eating of whole grain cereal decreases the risk of heart failure. he showed comparitive study in which he had taken a group of people who dont ate any whole grain cereal and another group which eat 5-6 and 7-8 servings of whole grain cereal. he found that risk of heart failure reduces by 21%-29%.
there is no evidence of causation as not eating whole grain cereal doesnt impliy that one can have heart fail.
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