A true causal association can be direct or indirect. What is meant by the term “

Question

A true causal association can be direct or indirect. What is meant by the term “indirect causal association?”

a. There is at least one factor that is associated with both the exposure and the disease, but is not a result of the exposure

b. The relationship between the exposure and the disease involves one or more intervening factors

c. There is at least one intermediate factor that is caused by the exposure that then causes the disease

d. More than one of the answers listed

e. All of the answers listed

Explanation / Answer

Indirect causal association is a statistical association between characteristics of interest and diseases due to presence of another factor i.e. Common factor (confounding variable)

So it is clear a is not the answer.

Further indirect causal association inolves one or more interventing factors so b and c are correct.

Hence answer is d. More than one of the answers listed

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