Smoking remains more common in much of Europe than in the United States. In the
ID: 3160192 • Letter: S
Question
Smoking remains more common in much of Europe than in the United States. In the United States, there is a strong relationship between education and smoking: well-educated people are less likely to smoke. Does a similar relationship hold in France? Here is a two-way table of the level of education and smoking status (nonsmoker, former smoker, moderate smoker, heavy smoker) of a sample of 462 French men aged 20 to 60 years. The subjects are a random sample of men who visited a health center for a routine checkup. We are willing to consider them an SRS of men from their region of France.
The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between these variables. That is, the distribution of smoking is the same for all three levels of education.
(a) Find the expected counts for each smoking status among men with a university education. This is one row of the two-way table of expected counts. Find the row total and verify that it agrees with the row total for the observed counts.
Use two decimals for the expected counts and a whole number for the total.
(b) We conjecture that men with a university education smoke less than the null hypothesis calls for. How does comparing the observed and expected counts in this row confirm this conjecture? Select all that apply
The nonsmoker count is higher than expected.
The nonsmoker count is lower than expected.
The heavy-smoker count is more than expected.
The heavy-smoker count is less than expected.
Education Smoking Status Nonsmoker Former Moderate Heavy Primary school 54 56 41 37 Secondary school 39 43 26 34 University 51 27 37 17Explanation / Answer
Smoking remains more common in much of Europe than in the United States. In the United States, there is a strong relationship between education and smoking: well-educated people are less likely to smoke. Does a similar relationship hold in France? Here is a two-way table of the level of education and smoking status (nonsmoker, former smoker, moderate smoker, heavy smoker) of a sample of 462 French men aged 20 to 60 years. The subjects are a random sample of men who visited a health center for a routine checkup. We are willing to consider them an SRS of men from their region of France.
Education
Smoking Status
Nonsmoker
Former
Moderate
Heavy
Primary school
54
56
41
37
Secondary school
39
43
26
34
University
51
27
37
17
The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between these variables. That is, the distribution of smoking is the same for all three levels of education.
Expected Frequencies
Column variable
Nonsmoker
Former
Moderate
Heavy
Total
Primary school
58.60
51.27
42.32
35.81
188
Secondary school
44.26
38.73
31.97
27.05
142
University
41.14
36.00
29.71
25.14
132
Total
144
126
104
88
462
Use two decimals for the expected counts and a whole number for the total.
(b) We conjecture that men with a university education smoke less than the null hypothesis calls for. How does comparing the observed and expected counts in this row confirm this conjecture? Select all that apply
The nonsmoker count is higher than expected.
The nonsmoker count is lower than expected.
The heavy-smoker count is more than expected.
The heavy-smoker count is less than expected.
Education
Smoking Status
Nonsmoker
Former
Moderate
Heavy
Primary school
54
56
41
37
Secondary school
39
43
26
34
University
51
27
37
17
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