Name: o Pre-labs: For the last 2 weeks of lab we will be doing labs on GMO\'s PR

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Name: o Pre-labs: For the last 2 weeks of lab we will be doing labs on GMO's PRI NTLAB EXAM II REVIEW AND USE ANY EXTRA LAB TIME TO COMPLETE r Week 12 (first GMO labl: Before coming to lab next week (GMO lab 1-DNA acton& Extraction PCR), you should read the introduction to the lab in the GMO handout you were even in the last lab and answer the following questions. This assignment will be collected at the beginning of the lab. 1) The abbreviation "GM"( as in GM crops) stands for what? Name 5 crops that have been genetically modified and are currently being used by farmers around the world. 2) 3) What is an herbicide? 4) What are some possible advantages of using the Roundup Ready system that introduced the glyphophosate (or Roundup)- resistance gene into the crop plants? 5) What is the approximate percentage of foods in grocery stores that are genetically modified? 6) What promoter is used to drive the expression of many plant transgenes including the glyphosate(or Roundup)-resistance gene? for DNAisolation in the pages after the GMO pre-labs 7 What 3 samples will you be isolating DNA from in lab this week? 361

Explanation / Answer

Genetically Modified Crop

·         Soybeans, Cotton, Potatoes, Papaya, Squash. Canola. Alfalfa.

An herbicide is a chemical used to kill or inhibit the growth of weeds and other unwanted plant pests. There are two kinds of herbicides. Species-specific herbicides are designed to kill a specific kind of plant only, leaving other desirable plants unharmed. Non-specific herbicides kill every plant they contact.

Because many producers modify corn and soy so they are resistant to the herbicide glyphosate, which is used to kill weeds.

In an average grocery store, roughly 75 percent of processed foods contain genetically modified organisms, or GMOs.

The most common promoter is the constitutive promoter, CaMV 35S is used in plant genetic transformation particularly in dicots

Plant tissue, Human Tissue, Human Blood

The CTAB (cetyl trimethylammonium bromide), a cationic detergent, facilitates the separation of polysaccharides during purification while additives, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, can aid in removing polyphenols. CTAB based extraction buffers are widely used when purifying DNA from plant tissues.

Because boiling will denature the protein therefore it will not be active for its function.

The supernatant is the clear liquid that lies above the solid residue after centrifugation, precipitation, crystallization or settling. The liquid is normally free of precipitate and has a lower density. The process leading to the supernatant formation is used in separating the several components making up a complex mixture.

The sedimented portion that accumulates during centrifugation is called pellet.

Chilled absolute alcohol is added to precipitate DNA out of the solution

By washing with 70 % alcohol and allowing to semi air dry.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

The small white bead contain the Taq polymerase, dNTPs, salts and the PCR reaction buffer

Primers and Template DNA are added to each tube containing the small white bead

A promoter is the main regulatory portion of a gene. The simplest analogy is that a promoter is a “switch” that turns a gene “on” or “off.” It is the portion of the gene where cellular machinery binds before transcribing the DNA blueprint into a useful RNA. There are different types of RNA that may be transcribed, including messenger RNA’s (mRNAs) that encode useful Protein and regulatory RNAs that mediate gene silencing. But, the first step is always binding of an RNA polymerase to the gene’s promoter. No promoter, no useful RNAs or proteins. In making transgenic plants, the gene of interest inserted into a plant genome must include a promoter to allow this gene to be switched “on” or transcribed. One of the most common promoters used in engineering GM crops is the CaMV (Cauliflower Mosaic Virus) or “35S”promoter, which is a type of constitutive promoter (always “on”). Different types of promoters, including those that require specific environmental signals in order to switch “on”, are found throughout the natural world.

The beta tubulin gene is found in all the tissues and it is constitively expressed.

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