uman Evolution 1. Review the different hominid species we covered. 2. What speci
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uman Evolution 1. Review the different hominid species we covered. 2. What species of humans first used stone tools? opulation Biology 1. Understand the relationship as to how natural selection can lead to adaptation to environmental conditions 2. What is a population? What are the characteristics of populations? 3. Can you calculate survivorship? Can you complete all of the components of a lifetable 4. Understand exponential vs. logistic growth? How do these relate to carrying capacity 5. What are density dependent effects? 6. r-selected vs. k-selected species. 7. Review the aspects of human population growth we covered in class.Explanation / Answer
• Sahelanthropus: considered to be the first hominid species; a great competitor for the last general ancestral population of hominids and chimpanzees. Dates to between 6 and 7 million years ago.
• Ardipithecus ramidus: another contender for the last general ancestral population of hominids and chimpanzees. some remarkable paleoanthropologists believe that “Ardi” may be the FIRST TRUE hominid. Dates to between 6 and 4.4 million years ago. lived on a conventional hominoid diet of ripe fruit, leaves, insects, and maybe the random small animal. Live in closed woodlands. A whole skeleton of a growing adult female exhibited that Ardipithecus ramidus had a divergent big toe proficient of grasping.
• Australopithecus afarensis: they survived in east Africa between 3 and 4 million years ago. they were Sexually dimorphic species; no evidence of tools; presumably had a diet much like modern chimps. lived in an environment where fruits would have been abundant; the most famous example is “Lucy.” Their bones reveal that they were physically very strong.
• Australopithecus africanus: Very first species of pre-Homo ever found. Lived between 2 and 3 million years ago. Omnivorous diet. Small, between 4 and 5 feet tall. No evidence of tools. seemingly had a diet much like modern chimps.
• Australopithecus robustus / boisei: found in the 1930s in South Africa another, closely related species (A. boisei) discovered in East Africa in 1960s; A. robustus lived from 1 to 2 million years ago. the diet of both species consisted of hard to chew, dust-encrusted things, such as nuts, seeds, and roots.
• Homo habilis: they survived in East Africa and South Africa between about 2.3 million years ago to about 1.6 million years ago; brain size 50% bigger than the contemporary species A. robustus or boisei; brain also had formations that indicate language regions; 1st hominids to make stone tools, called Oldowan ; 1st hominids to combine scavenged meat into their diet.
• Homo erectus: originated in eastern Africa about 2 million years ago and were to first to leave Africa. First hominids to practice fire like H. habilis, created stone tools, their toolkit is called Acheulian, and over time presents technological evolution. Except H. erectus had emerged into H. heidelbergensis by about 500,000 years ago.
• Homo heidelbergensis: a transitional species between H. erectus and Homo sapiens in Africa and Asia; and between H. erectus (or H. antecessor) and Neanderthals in Europe.These were the FIRST hominids to kill game animals bigger than rabbits and small deer.
• Homo sapiens neanderthalensis: 1st appears about 200,000 years ago and lasts about 30,000 years ago when they were succeeded by anatomically modern Homo sapiens. 1st hominids for which we have evidence of human burials; 1st hominids to construct different kinds of shelter – basically brush incorporated huts or hanging animal skins over cave openings; Managed use of fire. wore clothing – prepared from animal hides.
• Homo sapiens sapiens: Modern forms first appear about 195,000 years ago in South Africa; average brain size of about 1350 cc. The forehead raises pointedly, eyebrow ridges very small or more usually absent, chin is noticeable, the skeleton is very lightly built. About 40,000 years ago, with the introduction of the Cro-Magnon culture, toolkits began becoming particularly more sophisticated, comprehensive diversity of raw materials and including new implements for making tailored clothing, engraving & sculpting, taking of animals using nets, harpoons, fishing hooks, etc.Also embalmed their dead, but in much further elaborate ways than the Neandertals
2. The part of the genus Homo is Homo habilis which emerged approximately 2.8 million years ago. Homo habilis is the leading species for which we have assertive proof of the use of stone tools. They produced the Oldowan lithic technology, referred after the Olduvai Gorge in which the first parts were discovered.
3. Natural selection drives extinction. Modification of the genome that does not have the knowledge required to persist in an environment is excluded due to natural selection. The surviving genomes previously had the knowledge needed to withstand or accommodate to the environment.
Natural selection does not produce the information required for the adaptation of a population. The information must already exist for adaptation to happen. The natural selection switches the configuration of a population by excluding the inadequately adapted.
4. a population is all the organisms of the related combination or species, which exist in a distinct geographical area, and have the ability of interbreeding.
few of the various important characteristics of the population are as follows:
1. Population density
2. Natality
3. Mortality
4. Population growth
5. Age distribution of population
6. Population fluctuations.
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